ECCLESIASTICAL EMPIRE "Those who know what Rome has once been, are best able to appreciate what she is." -- Hallam. Alonzo Trevier Jones REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLISHING CO. Battle Creek, Mich. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1901, by Alonzo Trevier Jones, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. To The common People who heard our common Master gladly, and whose silent, practical experience "throughout the history of the Church has always been truer and has led the Church in a safer path than have the public decrees of those who claim to be authoritative leaders of theological thought," this book is respect- fully dedicated by THE AUTHOR vii CONTENTS CHAPTER I. An Ecclesiastical World-Power . 1 Against the Most High -- Christ's Letters to His Church -- Consequence of the Apostasy. CHAPTER II. The Visigoths in the Middle Ages . 8 Theodoric, the Visigoth -- The Visigothic Empire. CHAPTER III. The Suevi in the Middle Ages . 13 Portuguese Discoveries -- Discovery of the Indies and China. CHAPTER IV. The Franks in the Middle Ages . 19 Subjection of the Burgundians -- Clovis Sole King of the Franks -- The Mayors of the Palace -- Empire of Charlemagne -- The Invasions of the Northmen -- The Formation of Normandy -- Establishment of the Capetian Dynasty -- The Feudal System. CHAPTER V. The Alemanni in the Middle Ages . 37 Establishment of the German Kingdom -- Establishment of the "Holy Roman Empire" -- Origin of the Reigning House of England -- Splendor of Frederick II -- The Great Interregnum: Anarchy -- End of the "Holy Roman Empire." CHAPTER VI. The Burgundians in the Middle Ages . 51 The Marathon of Switzerland -- Switzerland Free. CHAPTER VII. The Angles and Saxons in the Middle Ages . 57 Britain Becomes England -- Kings, Aldermen, Earls, Churls, Thralls -- Northumbrian Supremacy -- The Danish Invasions -- Danish Domination viii -- Imperial England -- Danish Kings of England -- Reign of King Canute -- William the Conqueror -- The Making of Doomsday Book -- English Conquest of Normandy -- English Empire, House of Plantagenet -- Captivity of Coeur de Lion -- John Gives England to the Papacy -- The Great Charter -- John Desolates the Kingdom -- "The Rule of Law and Not of Will" -- The Hundred Years' War. CHAPTER VIII. Pagan Philosophy the Strength of the Papacy . 95 The New Platonic Philosophy -- The First Orders of Monks -- The Monkish Fanatacism -- Introduced into Rome -- The Stylites -- "A Man of Sense Ought Hardly to Say It" -- Plato's Fallacious Reasoning -- Life Only in Christ -- Jesus and the Resurrection -- Let this Mind Be in You -- Ministers of the Inquisition. CHAPTER IX. Theological Controversy -- Council of Ephesus . 118 Alexandria and Constantinople -- Chrysostom Deposed -- Both Appeal to the Pope -- Cyril of Alexandria -- Nestorius of Constantinople -- Appeals to Rome -- General Council Called -- Preliminaries to the Council -- Condemnation of Nestorius -- Cyril Bribes the Court and Wins -- The Deification of Mary. CHAPTER X. Theological Controversy -- Second Council of Ephesus . 140 The Eutychian Controversy -- Eusebius in a Dilemma -- Forecast of the Inquisition -- Appeals to Rome -- Instructions to the Council -- The Murder of Flavianus -- Regularity of the Council. CHAPTER XI. Theological Controversy -- Council of Chalcedon . 155 Growth of the Papal Spirit -- Rome's Boundless Ambition -- Another Council Decreed -- "A Frightful Storm" -- Condemnation of Dioscorus -- Leo's Letter the Test -- Leo's Letter Approved -- The Egyptian Bishops -- Leo's Letter Completes the Creed -- The Creed of Leo and Chalcedon -- The Council's Letter to Leo -- Imperial Edicts Enforce the Creed -- The Pope the Fountain of the Faith -- Results of Theological Controversy. CHAPTER XII. The Papal Temporal Power Established . 184 The Popes as Mediators -- The Lands of the Church -- The Herulian Kingdom Rooted Up -- The Ostrogothic Dominion -- Papal Proceedings ix in Rome -- The Papacy Put Above the State -- Conspiracies Against the Ostrogoths -- Justinian and the Papacy -- The Trisagion Controversy -- The Vandal Kingdom Uprooted -- The Ostrogothic Kingdom Destroyed -- The Papacy Now a World-Power. CHAPTER XIII. Restoration of the Western Empire . 209 Justinian and Pope Vigilius -- The Popes Changes of Faith -- The Title of Universal Bishop -- Gregory the Great -- Gregory the Great to Phocas -- Bishop of Rome Decreed Universal Bishop -- The Lombards and the Papacy -- Introduction of Image Worship -- The Pope Teaches Image Worship -- The Pope Appeals to the Franks -- Pepin Made King -- The Pope Visits Pepin -- "St Peter" Writes to the Franks -- Pepin's Donation to the Papacy -- Charlemagne's Donation -- Charlemagne, King of Lombardy -- Image Worship Established -- Charlemagne Made Emperor -- Original Rome Continued in the Papacy -- Western Empire Retransplanted -- An Imperial Theocracy -- Ecclesiastical Position of the Emperor. CHAPTER XIV. The Papacy and the Barbarians . 254 Clovis Becomes a Catholic -- The "Holy Wars" of Clovis -- The Visigoths Become Catholic -- Catholicism Invades Britain -- Augustine and the British Christians -- England Becomes Catholic -- The Saxons Made Catholic -- Catholicism in France -- The Papacy Corrupts the Barbarians. CHAPTER XV. The Holy Roman Empire . 272 The Popes and the Emperors -- The Pope Shields Murder -- Attempted Reforms Fail -- The Pope Humbles the Emperor -- Saracens in the Papal States -- The Pope and the Eastern Empire -- Nicholas Asserts His Infallibility -- Nicholas to the King of Bulgaria -- The Pope to Charles the Bald -- Charles the Bald to the Pope -- Papal States Declared Independent -- Papacy Pays Tribute to the Saracens -- Pope Stephen to the Eastern Emperor -- The Pope Prosecutes the Dead Formosus -- The Abomination of Desolation -- Romish Women Govern the Papacy -- Marozia's Son Is Made Pope -- Marozia's Grandson Is Made Pope -- Pope John XII and the Emperor's Council -- Pope John XII Deposed -- John XII Pope Again -- Papal Reign of Terror -- French Council to the Pope -- "The Man of Sin, the Mystery of Iniquity" -- Papacy Prohibits Marriage of the Clergy -- Papacy Sold at Auction -- Reform Means Ruin to the Papacy -- The Normans and the Papacy -- Cardinal Damiani Describes the Bishops -- More Attempts to Reform the Papacy -- Papal War -- Hildebrand Becomes Pope. x CHAPTER XVI. The Papal Supremacy -- Gregory VII To Calixtus II . 336 Hildebrand Against Married Clergy -- The Meaning of "Gregory VII" -- Hildebrand's Theocratical Scheme -- Gregory VII Conceives the Crusades -- The War Against Marriage -- Woe Inflicted By Gregory VII -- The War of Investitures -- Gregory Summons Henry IV -- Henry IV to the Pope -- Gregory Excommunicates Henry -- The Empire Against Henry IV -- Henry at Canossa -- Henry Freed from Excommunication -- A Rival King Elected -- Gregory Again Excommunicates Henry -- Henry IV Victor -- Rome in Ruins: Gregory Dies -- Maxims of Gregory VII -- Origin of the Crusades -- Pope Urban's Crusade Speech -- Reward and Character of the Crusaders -- The First Crusade -- The Capture of Jerusalem -- Character of the Crusades -- War of Investitures Renewed -- Pope Pascal II: King Henry V -- Henry V Captures the Pope -- The Pope Yields to Henry V -- Pascal's Contribution to the Papacy -- The Papacy in the Twelfth Century. CHAPTER XVII. The Papal Supremacy -- Innocent III To Boniface VIII . 396 The Pope Gives Ireland to England -- The World's Opinion of the Papacy -- Innocent III and the King of France -- Innocent III and John of England -- Origin of the Quarrel with John -- England under Interdict -- England Given by John to Rome -- Innocent's War in Germany -- Innocent Selects and Emperor -- Innocent's Emperor Turns Against Him -- Crusaders Capture Constantinople -- Prodigious Claims of Innocent IV -- The Pinnacle of Temporal Power. CHAPTER XVIII. The Papal Empire . 423 Universality of Papal Rule -- The Bishops and Their Election -- Military Bishops -- Papal Plunderers -- "A Terror to All" -- Universal Wretchedness -- "A Curse to the People" -- Results of Celibacy -- A Most Singular Standard of Morality -- Church of Rome Responsible -- Judicial Oppression -- Mendicant Monks -- Papal Fetichism -- Indulgences -- Fetichism of Relics -- "An Unmitigated Curse." CHAPTER XIX. "That Woman Jezebel" . 456 Who Calleth Herself a Prophetess -- Christianity in the Middle Ages -- The Waldenses -- The Paulicians -- Paulician Martyrs -- Christianity Permeates Europe -- Arnold of Brescia -- Waldenses Translate the New Testament -- Waldensian and Paulician Missionaries -- The Centers of xi Christianity -- Jezebel's Existence Threatened -- Jezebel calls for the Sword -- Jezebel's Wrath toward Christians -- The Christians Still Multiply -- Innocent III Reigns -- Confessed Character of the Condemned -- The Papacy Compels to Sin -- Acknowledged Corruption of Catholics -- The Whole Strength of the Church -- Papists Try to Imitate Christians -- Excommunication and Interdict -- Cruel Treatment of Raymond -- The Nations Move at Last -- The Land Laid Desolate -- Supreme Hypocrisy -- A Modern Perversion of History. CHAPTER XX. The Anarchy of the Papacy . 509 Clement V Destroys the Templars -- John XXII Taxes Sinning -- The Emperor against John XXII -- Nicholas Resigns to John -- Treasure Left by John XXII -- "As Drunk as a Pope" -- Jubilee Reduced to Fifty Years -- Clement VI to his Cardinals -- The Papacy Returns to Rome -- Rome Demands a Roman Pope -- Urban VI Repudiated -- The Two-Headed Papacy -- The Anarchy Increases -- Universal Simony -- University of Paris on the