Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 The Relatedness Between the Origin of Japanese and Korean Ethnicity Jaehoon Lee Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE RELATEDNESS BETWEEN THE ORIGIN OF JAPANESE AND KOREAN ETHNICITY By JAEHOON LEE A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2004 Copyright © 2004 Jaehoon Lee All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Jaehoon Lee defended on July 21, 2004 _________________________ Glen H. Doran Professor Directing Thesis _________________________ Bruce T. Grindal Committee Member _________________________ John T. J. Ho Committee Member Approved: Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ix <Part One> 1. INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Overview of the Background ----------------------------------------------------------- 3 Methodology of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2. BACKGROUND ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Environmental Situation ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Paleoenvironment Japan Korea Prehistoric Chronology of Japan and Korea ------------------------------------------ 14 Korea Japan East Asia and Peoples -------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Human Evolution in East Asia East Asian Cluster Prehistoric Populations in East Asia Mongoloid Siberian Tungus Paleo-Asiatics From the Records ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 Major Historical Materials from China, Japan and Korea Proto Korean and Japanese from the Chinese records Dongi Proto Japanese iii Geographical Location Environment and people Political situations in the communities and their relationship with neighbors Proto Korean A. Choson B. Puyo C. Koguryo D. Ockjo E. Ye F. Hans G. Packjae H. Silla Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3. LINGUISTIC SIMILARITY -------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Writing Systems for Japanese and Korean ------------------------------------------- 43 Modern Dialect Zones in Japan and Korea ------------------------------------------- 45 Origin of Both Languages and Ancient Language variations ---------------------- 49 Japanese Korean Languages in ancient countries from the Chinese record --------------------------- 51 Japanese and Korean relationship ------------------------------------------------------ 52 Connection between Proto Japanese and Three Kingdoms’ languages ----------- 54 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 4. HISTORICAL APPROACHES ON ANCIENT JAPANESE AND KOREAN ---- 60 Proto Koreans from the History -------------------------------------------------------- 60 Choson Puyo, YeMaek and Ye Chinese Connection Japanese related Issues ------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Origin of Japanese and Wa Wa peoples or Wa people? Identity of the Wa Wa people and Yamatai Queens’ country Location of the Yamatai, a Queens’ country Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 5. ANCIENT CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO SIDES -------------------------------- 83 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 iv Growing Power of Yamato -------------------------------------------------------------- 85 Nihongi stories ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 Five Kings, Seven Branches sword, and Kwanggaeto stele ------------------------ 92 Seven-Brached Sword Kwanggaeto Stele Southern Kingdoms on the Peninsula and the Wa on the archipelago ----------- 100 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 6. KOREAN MIGRANTS TO JAPAN – THE HISTORIC RECORD --------------- 105 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105 Korean migrants mentioned in the Nihongi ----------------------------------------- 105 Korean migrants in the ancient Japanese society ---------------------------------- 108 Korean migrants and Yamato regime ------------------------------------------------ 111 The Horseriders ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114 Puyo or Packjae? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 116 Packjae migrants and Yamato --------------------------------------------------------- 117 Nihongi and the history of Packjae (Lost history of Packjae?) ------------------- 120 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124 <Part Two> 7. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND BIOANTHROPLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE JAPANESE ----------------------------------------------------------- 126 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126 Archaeology in Japan Archaeological and Physical anthropological studies Studies about the Origin of Japanese ------------------------------------------------- 130 Oldest bone in Japan Pre and pro historic peoples in Japan ------------------------------------------------- 132 Jomon Period (??10000 B.C. – 300 B.C.) Jomon and variation Yayoi People (B.C. 300 – A.D. 300) Yayoi regional variation Kofun Period (A.D. 300 – A.D. 710) and Japanese Ainu and Ryukyuan Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 Morphological Cluster of the Japanese in Asia Adaptation or Replacement? Could all the differences be due to subsistence and adaptation? Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145 8. BIOANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN KOREA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 147 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147 v Bioanthropological approach on Korean ethnicity ---------------------------------- 147 Korean skeletal material Anthropological Studies in Korea The Neolithic Period and Beginning of Pottery culture ---------------------------- 151 Pottery Traditions in Korea Chulmuntogi Regional variations for Chulmuntogi Mumuntogi Chulmun and Mumun potteries Bronze and Iron Periods in Korea ----------------------------------------------------- 156 Korean Bronze Daggers Bronze Period Burial styles Iron Period (Three Kingdoms Period) ------------------------------------------------ 160 Pottery styles of The Three Kingdoms Burial styles An Overview on Issues and Interpretations of the Origin of Korean ------------- 164 Early population movements in East Asia and Korean Bronze to Iron Periods Two different peoples? Northern Peoples and Southerward process Location of Puyo and Packjae Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176 9. ETHNIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN JAPANESE AND KOREAN ------------ 178 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 178 Ancient Contacts between Two Regions --------------------------------------------- 179 Prehistoric Period The Yayoi period (The Bronze and early Iron Periods) Historical Period Trade and Military Power Ethnic intermix or diffusion from physical anthropological perspective -------- 185 East Asian Cluster Scales of Korean emigrants into Japan throughout ancient periods Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 189 10. CONCLUSION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 191 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 191 Formation of Korean identity and its connections with Japanese ---------------- 192 Increased ethnic connections between Two peoples ------------------------------- 193 BIBLIOGRAPHY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 200 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ----------------------------------------------------------------- 232 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. East Asia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2. The Pleistocene shoreline -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3. Japanese Archipelagoes ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 4. The traditional Korean Provinces ---------------------------------------------------------- 13 5. The Dongi zone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------