RenewableS 2011 RenewableS GLOBAL STATUS REPORT GLOBAL STATUS _2011 Ren21 STeeRInG COMMITTee Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber Øivind Johansen Kadri Nassiep Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Petroleum and Energy National Energy Research UnitedAdnan ArabZ. Amin Emirates MahamaNorway Kappiah Institute RajendraSouth Africa Pachauri International Renewable Energy Corrado Clini ECOWAS Regional Centre for Agency (IRENA) Renewable Energy and Energy The Energy and Resources Institute Efficiency (ECREEE) WolfgangIndia Palz Ministry for the Environment ManfredCape Verde Konukiewitz and Territory World Council for Renewable ItalyRobert Dixon Federal Ministry for Economic MarkEnergy Radka Cooperation and Development Climate and Chemicals Team Hans-JorgenGermany Koch GlobalMichael Environment Eckhart Facility Division of Technology, Industry and Economics Danish Energy Agency United Nations Environment Citigroup, Inc. Ministry of Climate and Energy PeterProgramme Rae UnitedMohamed States El-Ashry of America EmaniDenmark Kumar UnitedSaliem Nations Fakir Foundation International Renewable Energy ICLEI – Local Governments for AthenaAlliance Ronquillo Ballesteros AndréSustainability, Correa Southdo Lago Asia Office World Wide Fund for Nature SouthDeepak Africa Gupta World Resources Institute/ Green Ministry of External Relations Independent Power Producers SteveNetwork Sawyer Ministry of New and JunfengBrazil Li Renewable Energy Amal Haddouche India MariaGlobal SiciliaWind Energy Salvadores Council National Development and Reform Commission, Energy Research Ministry of Energy, Mines, Institute/ Chinese Renewable Iberdrola Water and Environment Energy Industries Association David Hales GriffinSpain Thompson Morocco BinduChina Lohani College of the Atlantic Department of State Asian Development Bank UnitedKirsty HamiltonStates of America Ernesto Macìas Galàn IbrahimUnited States Togola of America Chatham House PradeepAlliance for Monga Rural Electrification Mali Folkecenter/ Citizens United UnitedSt. John Kingdom Hoskyns for Renewable Energy and PiotrSustainability Tulej Energy and Climate Change Branch Department of Energy & United Nations Industrial Climate Change PaulDevelopment Mubiru Organization DG Climate Action UnitedDidier KingdomHoussin VeerleEuropean Vandeweerd Commission Directorate of Energy Ministry of Energy and Mineral Markets and Security Development Energy and Environment Group InternationalTetsunari Iida Energy Agency NebojsaUganda Nakicenovic United Nations Development ArthourosProgramme Zervos Institute for Sustainable Energy International Institute for Applied Policies Systems Analysis European Renewable Energy Japan Austria Council Disclaimer: REN21 issue papers and reports are released by REN21 to emphasize the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion of issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time, REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness. Renewable eneRgy Policy netwoRk foR the 21st centuRy REN21 convenes international multi-stakeholder leadership to enable a rapid global transition to renewable energy. It promotes appropriate policies that increase the wise use of renewable energies in developing and industrialized economies. Open to a wide variety of dedicated stakeholders, REN21 connects governments, international institutions, nongovernmental organizations, industry associations, and other partnerships and initiatives. REN21 leverages their successes and strengthens their influence for the rapid expansion of renewable energy worldwide. www.ren21.net Table Of COnTenTS Foreword ......................................................... 7 ExecutiveAcknowledgments Summary ................................................ 8 Selected Indicators and . .......................................... Top Five Countries 10 01 Global Market Overview . ...................15 ...................................16 Power Generation Markets ..................................17 Heating and Cooling Markets ................................28 02 InvestmentTransport Fuel Flows Markets . 31 03 Industry Trends ..........................................34 04 Policy Landscape . .........................................38 . ........................................48 Policy Targets ...............................................49 Power Generation Policies. 51 Green Energy Purchasing and Labeling . ....................57 Heating and Cooling Policies . ..............................59 Transport Policies . ..........................................60 05 RuralCity and Renewable Local Government Energy Policies . .........................61 ...................................64 Reference Tables . ................................................71 Glossary . ........................................................91 Note on Accounting and Reporting of Installed Capacities . ........93 Note on Further Information and Sources of Data .................94 Endnotes . ......................................................95 List of Abbreviations / Impressum . ............................115 Report Citation Renewables 2011 Global Status Report 4 REN21. 2011. (Paris: REN21 Secretariat). Table Of COnTenTS TableS SIDebaRS Table 1 Sidebar 1 Status of Renewable Energy Technologies: Ocean Energy Technology and Sidebar 2 Table 2 Characteristics and Costs . ................33 Commercialization ......................27 Sidebar 3 Renewable Energy Support Investment Trends in Early 2011 . .......37 Table 3 Policies . ................................52 Sustainability Spotlight: Rare-Earth Sidebar 4 Minerals and PV Recycling . ............42 Transition to Renewable Energy in Rural (Off-Grid) Areas ..........................66 Sidebar 5 Jobs in Renewable Energy ...............47 IPCC Special Report on Renewable fIGuReS Sidebar 6 Energy Sources . ........................51 Figure 1 Sidebar 7 What Is a Feed-in Tariff? ................56 Renewable Energy Share of Global Final Grid Integration and Complementary Figure 2 Energy Consumption, 2009 . ..............17 Sidebar 8 Infrastructure . ........................58 Average Annual Growth Rates of Lighting Africa: Lessons in Market Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuels and Technology Innovation . ...........67 Figure 3 Production, 2005–2010 . ................18 RefeRenCe TableS Renewable Energy Share of Global Figure 4 Electricity Production, 2010 . .............18 Table R1 Renewable Power Capacities, Renewable Energy Added and Existing Table R2 Developing World, EU, and Top Five Capacities, 2010 . ......................71 Figure 5 Countries, 2010 . ........................19 Added and Existing Wind Power, Table R3 Wind Power, Existing World Capacity, Top 10 Countries, 2010 . ...............71 Figure 6 1996–2010 . ............................20 Solar PV Additions and Existing Table R4 Wind Power Capacity, Capacity, 2006–2010 . .................72 Figure 7 Top 10 Countries, 2010 . ..................20 Renewable Electric Power Capacity, Table R5 Existing as of 2010. 73 Solar PV, Existing World Capacity, Figure 8 1995–2010 . ............................23 Solar Hot Water Installed Capacity, Top 12 Countries/EU and World Total, Solar PV Capacity, Top 10 Countries, Table R6 2009 . .................................74 Figure 9 2010 . ....................................23 Biofuels Production, Top 15 Countries Solar Heating Added Capacity, Table R7 and EU Total, 2010 ......................75 Figure 10 Top 12 Countries, 2009 . ..................29 Share of Primary and Final Energy Solar Heating Existing Capacity, from Renewables, Existing in Figure 11 Top 12 Countries, 2009 . ..................30 Table R8 2008/2009 and Targets .................76 RT Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, Share of Electricity from Renewables, PO Figure 12 Table R9 Re 2000–2010 . ............................32 Existing in 2009, and Targets . .........79 S Table R10 Global New Investment in Renewable Other Renewable Energy Targets ........81 TaTu Figure 13 Energy, 2004–2010. 35 S Cumulative Number of Countries/ l Market Shares of Top 10 Wind Turbine States/Provinces Enacting Feed-in ba Table R11 Figure 14 Manufacturers, 2010 . ...................39 Policies . ................................84 GlO Market Shares of Top 15 Solar PV Cumulative Number of Countries/ Figure 15 Manufacturers, 2010 . ...................41 States/Provinces Enacting RPS/ Table R12 Quota Policies . .........................85 EU Renewable Shares of Final Energy, Table R13 Biofuels Blending Mandates . ............86 2005 and 2009, with Targets for 2020 . ..50 City and Local Renewable Energy Policies: Selected Examples . ...........87 2011 RENEWABLES 5 The Ren21 RenewableS GlObal STaTuS RePORT anD RenewableS InTeRaCTIVe MaP REN21 was established in 2005 to convene international leadership and a variety Renewables Global Status Report (GSR) of stakeholders to enable a rapid global transition to renewable energy. REN21’s was first released later that year; it grew out of an effort to comprehensively capture, for the first time, the full status of renewable energy worldwide. The report also aimed to align perceptions with the reality that renewables were playing a growing role in mainstream energy markets and in economic development. Over