BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE TRUE BUGS (HETEROPTERA) OF DISTRICT SWAT PAKISTAN SANA ULLAH DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2018 HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE TRUE BUGS (HETEROPTERA) OF DISTRICT SWAT PAKISTAN By SANA ULLAH 34894 13-PhD-Zol-F-HU-1 This research study has been conducted and reported as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philisophy in Zoology awarded by Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Mansehra, The Friday 22, February 2019 BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE TRUE BUGS (HETEROPTERA) OF DISTRICT SWAT PAKISTAN Submitted by Sana Ullah Ph.D Scholar Research Supervisor Prof. Dr. Habib Ahmad Department of Genetics Hazara University, Mansehra Co-Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi Principal Scientific Officer, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2018 Dedication Dedicated to my Parents and Siblings ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are due to Almighty Allah, the most Powerful Who is the Lord of every creature of the universe and all the tributes to the Holy prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) who had spread the light of learning in the world. I wish to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Habib Ahmad (TI), Vice Chancellor, Islamia College University, Peshawar, for his enormous support, inspiring guidance from time to time with utmost patience and providing the necessary facilities to carry out this work. He is a source of great motivation and encouragement for me. I respect him from the core of my heart due to his integrity, attitude towards students, and eagerness towards research. I am equally grateful to my Co Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi Ex. Principal Scientific Officer, National Insect Museum, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad (Chairperson, Department of Zoology, Women University Swabi) for their guidance, comments and all necessary inputs for this study. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Iqbal Munir, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar for providing Lab facilities for the molecular work. I am indebted to Dr. Muhammad Fiaz Khan, Head, Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra for his valuable support and suggestions. There are no words to express my gratitude to, Dr. Sardar Azhar Mahmood, Dr. Shabir Ahmed, Dr. Sajid Mahmood, Mr. Atta Ur Rehman, Dr. Sadia Tabassam, Ms. Samina Yasmin for their help in different ways. I will never forget the cooperation of Junaid and Atta Ullah Shah. I am grateful to Dr. Rafiq Hussain Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, for providing me their constructive comments. I am also grateful to Dr. Muhammad Tariq (Center of OMIC Sciences, Islamia College University, Peshawar) for their valuable suggestions. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad, Prof. Dr. Rehana Yasmeen Farooque, Prof. Dr. Masarrat Yousuf, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, for providing necessary inputs to my study. I am grateful to Mr. Kifyat Ullah, Manzoor Alam, Irfan Ullah, Wajid Khan and all my colleagues at Agriculture University Public School and College Boys Peshawar. I would like to say the words of thanks to my friends; Muhammad Ali, Dr. Ajmal Iqbal, Dr. Shafiq, Fayaz Khan, Hidyat Ur Rahman, Sajid Khan Afridi, Khaista Rehman, Irfan Haider, Atta Ullah Khan, Muhammad Bilal, Hamza Ali, Imtiaz Ali for being with me always. Most importantly, my deepest love and gratitude will go to my Father Prof. Nowsherwan, Mother, brothers, sisters, wife and Muhammad Ayan Khan for their love, patience and support throughout my life. SANA ULLAH CONTENTS No. Title Page No. List of Figures vi List of Tables x List of Plates xii List of Abbreviations xiv Abstract xvi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 3 MATERIALS AND METHOD 18 Study area 18 Specimens Collection 21 Mounting and preservation 22 Identification 22 Dissection of genitalia 23 Photography 23 DNA Barcoding and Phylogentic analysis 24 4 RESULTS 27 Key to the Families of Heteroptera of District Swat 27 Family Pentatomidae Leach 1815 28 Key to subfamilies of Pentatomidae of District Swat 28 Subfamily Asopinae Amyot and Serville 1843 29 Key to genera of subfamily Asopinae of District Swat 29 Genus Perillus Stal 1862 30 Perillus bioculatus Fabricius 1775 30 Genus Zicrona Amyot and Serville 1843 35 Zicrona caerulea Linnaeus 1758 35 Genus Cazira Amyot and Serville 1843 40 Cazira verrucosa Westwood 1835 40 Genus Andrallus Bergroth 1906 44 Andrallus spinidens Fabricius 1787 44 i Genus Eocanthecona Bergroth 1915 49 Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff 1801 49 Subfamily Pentatominae Leach 1815 54 Key to genera of subfamily Pentatominae of District Swat 54 Genus Erthesina Spinola 1837 56 Erthesina fullo Thunberg 1783 56 Genus Halys Fabricius 1803 62 Halys dentatus Fabricius 1775 62 Genus Neohalys Ahmad and Perveen 1982 67 Neohalys acuticornis Ahmad and Perveen 1982 67 Genus Aeliomorpha Stal 1858 72 Aeliomorpha lineaticollis Westwood 1837 72 Genus Adria Stal 1876 77 Adria parvula Dallas 1851 77 Nezara Amyot and Serville 1843 82 Nezara viridula Linnaeus 1758 82 Genus Acrosternum Fieber 1860 88 Acrosternum graminea Fabricius 1787 88 Genus Bagrada Stal 1862 93 Bagrada picta Fabricius 1775 93 Genus Eurydema Laporte 1832 98 Key to species of genus Eurydema Laporte of District Swat 98 Eurydema lituriferum Walker 1867 98 Eurydema pulchra Westwood 1837 104 Plautia Stal 1865 109 Plautia fimbriata Fabricius 1787 109 Genus Eysarcoris Hahn 1834 114 Eysarcoris inconspicuous Herrich-Schaefer 1844 114 Dolycoris Mulsant and Rey 1866 119 Key to species of genus Dolycoris Mulsant and Ray of District Swat 119 Dolycoris indicus Stal 1876 119 ii Dolycoris baccarum Linnaeus 1761 125 Subfamily Podopinae Amyot and Serville 1843 130 Genus Scotinophara Stal 1867 130 Scotinophara ochracea Distant 1901 130 Family Scutelleridae Leach 1815 135 Key to subfamilies of Scutelleridae of District Swat 135 Subfamily Hoteinae Mulsant and Rey 1865 135 Genus Hotea Amyot and Serville 1843 135 Hotea curculionoides Herrich-Schaeffer 1836 136 Subfamily Elvisurinae Stal 1872 140 Genus Solenosthedium Spinola 1837 140 Solenosthedium rubropunctatum Guerin 1838 140 Family Reduviidae Latreille 1807 144 Subfamily Harpactorinae Amyot and Serville 1843 144 Key to genera of subfamily Harpactorinae 144 Genus Scipinia Stal 1861 144 Scipinia horrida Stal 1859 144 Genus Rhynocoris Hahn 1834 147 Rhynocoris marginatus Fabricius 1794 147 Rhynocoris fuscipes Fabricius 1804 150 Genus Polididus Stal 1858 152 Polididus armatissimus Stal 1859 152 Family Largidae Amyot & Serville 1843 155 Subfamily Physopeltinae Hussey & Sherman 1929 155 Key to genera of Subfamily Physopeltinae 155 Genus Neophysopelta Ahmad and Abass 1987 155 Neophysopelta schlanbuschi Ahmad & Abbas, 1987 155 Genus Physopelta Amyot and Serville 1843 160 Physopelta gutta Burmeister 1834 160 Family Lygaeidae Schilling 1829 165 Key to subfamilies of family Lygaeidae of District Swat 165 iii Subfamily Rhyparochrominae 165 Key to genera of subfamily Rhyparochrominae of District Swat 165 Genus Dieuches Dohrn 1860 166 Dieuches uniguttatus Thunberg 1822 166 Genus Lachnesthus Bergroth 1894 171 Lachnesthus singalensis Dohrn 1860 171 Genus Rhyparothesus Scudder 1962 176 Rhyparothesus dudgeoni Distant 1909 176 Subfamily Lygaeinae 181 Key to genera of subfamily Lygaeinae of District Swat 181 Genus Spilostethus Stal 1868 181 Spilostethus pandurus Scopoli 1763 182 Spilostethus hospes Fabricius 1794 187 Genus Graptostethus Stal 1868 191 Graptostethus nigriceps Stal 1874 191 Family Coreidae Leach 1815 196 Subfamily Coreinae Leach 1815 196 Key to the genera of subfamily Coreinae of District Swat 196 Genus Homoeocerus Burmeister 1835 196 Key to species of genera Homoeocerus 197 Homoeocerus borealis Distant 1918 197 Homoeocerus sigillatus Stal 1873 202 Genus Cletus Stal 1859 206 Cletus bipunctatus Westwood 1842 206 Cletus punctiger Dallas 1852 211 Cletus trigonus Thunberg 1783 215 Family Alydidae Amyot & Serville 1843 220 Subfamily Alydinae Amyot & Serville 1843 220 Genus Riptortus Stal 1860 220 Key to species of genus Riptortus 220 Riptortus linaries Fabricius 1775 220 iv Riptortus pedestris Fabricius 1775 225 DNA Barcodes analysis and Phylogenetic study 227 Family Pentatomidae 227 Family Reduviidae 237 Family Largidae 244 Family Lygaeidae 251 Family Coreidae 258 Family Alydidae 265 5 DISCUSSION 270 Conclusion 279 Recommendations 280 6 LITERATURE CITED 281-305 Appendix 306 v LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page No. Figure 3.1: Map of the study area (Swat). 19 Figure 4.1: Perillus bioculatus Fabricius 33 Figure 4.2: Zicrona caerulea Linnaeus 38 Figure 4.3: Cazira verrucosa Westwood 42 Figure 4.4: Andrallus spinidens Fabricius 47 Figure 4.5: Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff 52 Figure 4.6: Erthesina fullo Thunberg 60 Figure 4.7: Halys dentatus Fabricius 65 Figure 4.8: Neohalys acuticornis Ahmad and Perveen 70 Figure 4.9: Aeliomorpha lineaticollis Westwood 75 Figure 4.10: Adria parvula Dallas 80 Figure 4.11: Nezara viridula Linnaeus 86 Figure 4.12: Acrosternum graminea Fabricius 91 Figure 4.13: Bagrada picta Fabricius 96 Figure 4.14: Eurydema lituriferum Walk 102 Figure 4.15: Eurydema pulchra Westwood 107 Figure 4.16: Plautia fimbriata Fabricius 112 Figure 4.17: Eysarcoris inconspicuous Herrich-Schaefer 117 Figure 4.18: Dolycoris indicus Stal 123 Figure 4.19: Dolycoris baccarum Linnaeus 128 Figure 4.20: Scotinophara ochracea Distant 133 Figure 4.21: Hotea curculionoides Herrich-Schaeffer 138 Figure 4.22: