POVERTY AND URBAN TRANSPORT IN EAST AFRICA: REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DUTCH DONOR EXPERIENCE John Howe with Deborah Bryceson A report prepared for the World Bank December 2000 International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering 2 Poverty and Urban Transport in East Africa: Review of Research and Dutch Donor Experience Review of Dutch Experience with respect to Poverty and Urban Transport 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................................7 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.............................................................................................8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................9 1 – INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................15 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY.........................................................................................15 STUDY FOCUS ................................................................................................................16 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ..........................................................................................17 2 – TRANSPORT’S IMPACT ON THE URBAN POOR ..........................................................19 TRANSPORT AND ACCESS TO BASIC NEEDS ...................................................................19 TRANSPORT AND EMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................21 Employment-generated Demand for Transport................................................21 Employment supplying the Transport Sector...................................................21 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................22 3 – EAST AFRICAN NATIONAL AND URBAN CONTEXTS.................................................23 NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT ...................................................23 Kenya.....................................................................................................................23 Nairobi ...............................................................................................................24 Eldoret ...............................................................................................................24 Tanzania ................................................................................................................24 Dar es Salaam...................................................................................................25 Morogoro ...........................................................................................................25 POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS IN EAST AFRICAN URBAN AREAS .......................................26 TEMPORAL ASPECTS OFEAST AFRICAN URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ..........................27 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................29 4 – THE CASE STUDY CITIES................................................................................................31 NAIROBi..........................................................................................................................31 Background...........................................................................................................31 History and physical geography........................................................................31 Commercial functions........................................................................................31 Land use distribution.........................................................................................31 Population..........................................................................................................33 Employment and livelihoods activities ..............................................................34 Poverty...............................................................................................................34 Transport system.................................................................................................35 Road system......................................................................................................35 Public motorized transport system...................................................................36 • Kenya Bus Services........................................................................................36 • Matatu share taxis...........................................................................................37 Non-motorized wheeled transport.....................................................................37 • Handcarts ........................................................................................................37 • Bicycles ...........................................................................................................38 Planning for change...........................................................................................38 ELDORET ........................................................................................................................38 Background...........................................................................................................38 History and physical geography........................................................................38 Commercial function..........................................................................................38 Land use distribution.........................................................................................39 Population..........................................................................................................39 Employment and livelihoods activities ..............................................................40 4 Poverty and Urban Transport in East Africa: Review of Research and Dutch Donor Experience Poverty...............................................................................................................40 Transport system.................................................................................................40 Road system......................................................................................................40 Public motorized transport system....................................................................41 Non-motorized wheeled transport.....................................................................41 • Handcarts ........................................................................................................41 • Bicycle transporters.........................................................................................41 Planning for change...........................................................................................43 DAR ES SALAAM .............................................................................................................43 Background...........................................................................................................43 History and physical geography........................................................................43 Commercial function..........................................................................................43 Land use distribution.........................................................................................43 Population..........................................................................................................45 Employment and livelihoods activities ..............................................................45 Poverty...............................................................................................................46 Transport system.................................................................................................47 Road system......................................................................................................47 Public motorized transport system....................................................................47 Private motorized transport ...............................................................................49 Non-motorized wheeled transport.....................................................................49 • Handcarts ........................................................................................................49 • Bicycles ...........................................................................................................49 Planning for change...........................................................................................50 MOROGORO....................................................................................................................50 Background...........................................................................................................50 History and physical geography........................................................................50 Commercial function..........................................................................................51 Land use distribution.........................................................................................51 Population..........................................................................................................51 Employment and livelihoods activities ..............................................................51