Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Part 2B: United States - Surface Ships Peter Lobner July 2018 1 Foreword In 2015, I compiled the first edition of this resource document to support a presentation I made in August 2015 to The Lyncean Group of San Diego (www.lynceans.org) commemorating the 60th anniversary of the world’s first “underway on nuclear power” by USS Nautilus on 17 January 1955. That presentation to the Lyncean Group, “60 years of Marine Nuclear Power: 1955 – 2015,” was my attempt to tell a complex story, starting from the early origins of the US Navy’s interest in marine nuclear propulsion in 1939, resetting the clock on 17 January 1955 with USS Nautilus’ historic first voyage, and then tracing the development and exploitation of marine nuclear power over the next 60 years in a remarkable variety of military and civilian vessels created by eight nations. In July 2018, I finished a complete update of the resource document and changed the title to, “Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018.” What you have here is Part 2B: United States - Surface Ships. The other parts are: Part 1: Introduction Part 2A: United States – Submarines Part 3A: Russia - Submarines Part 3B: Russia - Surface Ships & Non-propulsion Marine Nuclear Applications Part 4: Europe & Canada Part 5: China, India, Japan and Other Nations Part 6: Arctic Operations 2 Foreword This resource document was compiled from unclassified, open sources in the public domain. I acknowledge the great amount of work done by others who have published material in print or posted information on the internet pertaining to international marine nuclear propulsion programs, naval and civilian nuclear powered vessels, naval weapons systems, and other marine nuclear applications. My resource document contains a great deal of graphics from many sources. Throughout the document, I have identified all of the sources for these graphics. If you have any comments or wish to identify errors in this document, please send me an e-mail to: [email protected]. I hope you find this informative, useful, and different from any other single document on this subject. Best regards, Peter Lobner July 2018 3 Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Part 2B: United States Surface Ships Table of Contents Section Page US naval surface ship reactors & prototype facilities………………………………………….. 6 US Navy nuclear-powered surface ships …………………………………………………………….. 28 Evolution of the US nuclear-powered surface fleet………………………………………. 29 Nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers (CGN) …………………………...……………… 37 CGN tactical weapons ……………………………………………………………………………. 78 Nuclear-powered aircraft carriers (CVN) ………………………………………………………. 89 Carrier strike group (CSG) & carrier air wing composition ……………………… 127 Naval nuclear vessel decommissioning and nuclear waste management………………. 140 US civilian marine nuclear vessels and reactors ………………………………..………………. 149 Operational & planned civilian marine vessels and their reactors …………………. 152 Other US civilian marine reactor designs ……………………………………………………. 176 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) marine applications ……..………………. 228 US marine nuclear power current trends …………………………………………..………………. 234 4 Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Refer to Part 2A, United States - Submarines, for the following content related to US marine nuclear power: Timeline for development of marine nuclear power in the US US current nuclear vessel fleet US naval nuclear infrastructure Use of highly-enriched uranium (HEU) in US naval reactors US submarine reactors and reactor prototype facilities US Navy nuclear-powered submarines Nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) Nuclear-powered strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) Nuclear-powered guided missile submarines (SSGN) Nuclear-powered special operations submarines 5 US naval surface ship reactors & prototype facilities 6 US naval reactor designation scheme Each naval reactor type is identified with a three character designator: X#X (i.e., S3G, A1W) 1st character is a letter that identifies the naval platform intended to use the reactor: S = Submarine A = Aircraft carrier C = Cruiser D = Destroyer-Leader class ship (all DLGNs were re-classified as cruisers, CGNs) 2nd character is a number that identifies the reactor design in the sequence of designs from a particular manufacturer Some reactors prototypes and their corresponding fleet reactors often were given different number designations. For example, S1W was the prototype and S2W was the similar reactor used on a submarine. 3rd character is a letter that identifies the reactor manufacturer W = Westinghouse G = General Electric C = Combustion Engineering B = Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corp. 7 US naval surface ship reactors Reactor Estimated Estimated Initial Application Reactor Propulsion ops Power Power per (MWt) Reactor (shp) CVR 390 75,000 Not • Proposed land-based prototype PWR for a single propulsion train rated at built about 75,000 shp. • Authorized in 1952 & cancelled in 1953. • Became the basis for the design of the 1st full-scale US commercial nuclear power plant at Shippingport, PA. C1W 200 40,000 1961 • 2 x C1W used only on USS Long Beach (CGN-9), yielding 80,000 shp total propulsion power. • Reportedly derived from A1W. D1G, D2G 148 30,000 1962 • D1G prototype, West Milton, NY. • 2 x D2G used on USS Bainbridge (CGN-25), USS Truxtun (CGN-35) and all California (CGN-36) and Virginia (CGN-38)-class CGNs, yielding 60,000 shp total propulsion power. D1G-2 150 30,000 1976 • Not used in any surface ship, in spite of its “D” designation. • Used as the original core in the S6G nuclear plant on 31 x 688 Flight I Los Angeles-class SSNs. One mid-life refueling required at the mid-point of sub’s 30 year service life. D1W 300 60,000 – Not • Originally conceived as a low-cost, simple, lightweight, single-reactor 70,000 built propulsion plant for a destroyer. • Project approved in 1960, but redirected in 1962 to a more powerful two- reactor design for large surface ships. • Planned to be the APHNAS submarine propulsion plant (1971). 8 US naval surface ship reactors Reactor Estimated Estimated Initial Application Reactor Propulsion ops Power Power per (MWt) Reactor (shp) D2W 165 30,000 – 1985 • Used as the mid-life refueling core for the 2 x D2G propulsion plants on 35,000 California-class (CGN-36) CGNs. • Likely reactor choice, 2 x D2W, for the CGN-42 and CSGN cruisers, which (33,500 for were not built. 688 SSNs) • Used as the mid-life refueling core in the S6G submarine propulsion plant for 20 x 688 Flight I SSNs. • Used as the original core in the S6G submarine propulsion plant for 8 x 688 Flight II and 23 x 688i Los Angeles-class SSNs. Life-of-the-boat core for the sub’s extended 33 year service life. A1W, A2W 165 35,000 1958 • 2 x A1W at the prototype at NRF Idaho (A1W-A & A1W-B) • 8 x A2W on USS Enterprise (CVN-65), yielding a total reactor power output of about 1,320 MWt and propulsion power of 280,000 shp A3W 300 70,000 Not • 4 x A3W intended for USS John F Kennedy (CVN-67), yielding a total built reactor power output of about 1,200 MWt and propulsion power of 280,000 shp • CVN-67 keel laid in 1964, but design was changed and completed as a conventionally-powered CV. A3W was not built. 9 US naval surface ship reactors Reactor Estimated Estimated Initial Application Reactor Propulsion ops Power Power per (MWt) Reactor (shp) A4W 550 130,000 1975 • Evolved from the D1W reactor design. • ¼ core was tested in the A1W-B prototype • 2 x A4W on each Nimitz-class CVN yielding a total reactor power output of about 1,100 MWt and propulsion power of 260,000 shp. • One mid-life refueling required for a 50 year CVN service life. Core life is about 25 years. A1G 550 130,000 Not This is the General Electric replacement core for the A4W. known A1B > 550 130,000 2017 • 2 x A1B on each Ford-class CVN, yielding a total reactor power output of >1,100 MWt and propulsion power of 260,000 shp. The nuclear plants on Ford-class CVNs support almost twice the electric power generating capacity as on Nimitz-class CVNs. • Core life is about 25 years. One mid-life refueling required for a 50 year CVN service life. • A1B core has 25% more energy than the A4W core. 10 Westinghouse CVR Large ship reactor (LSR) / carrier vessel reactor (CVR) “This project, known as the CVR, was instituted on the basis of a military requirement set up by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. That requirement stated that the CVR was to be a shore-based prototype of a single shaft for a large naval vessel such as an aircraft carrier, and to be used after completion to produce power and plutonium.” * CVR was a light-water cooled and moderated pressurized water reactor (PWR) design with an expected propulsion output of 75,000 shp (56 MW). Reactor power would have been about 390 MWt. CVR was authorized in 1952. April 1953: The CVR was eliminated from the FY 1954 defense budget. “Cancellation of the aircraft carrier reactor resulted in a letter appeal from the (Atomic Energy) Commission to the President (Eisenhower) and a special appearance before the Joint Committee (of Congress). As a result, a completely civilian version of the aircraft carrier reactor was put back in the fiscal 1954 budget…..” * The AEC transferred the entire development team to the new civilian project, while maintaining Naval Reactors is a leadership role. In their testimony before Congress, the AEC noted, “We are convinced that substantial delays would result if an attempt were made to develop some other reactor system for this first civilian powerplant.” * * Source: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 86th Congress, 1st Session, 11 & 15 Apr 1959 11 Westinghouse Shippingport An analog for what CVR might have been The CVR prototype design and development work done by Naval Reactors and its industrial team became the starting point for the realigned civilian project to build a PWR as the first US full-scale commercial nuclear power plant, which would become the Shippingport Atomic Power Station operated by Duquesne Light Co.