UNPUBLISHED BOOK: GOOD ORDER IN THE CHURCH Leslie McFall CONTENTS 4.5. There is scriptural warrant for deaconesses, so why not extend the eldership to women (1 Tim 3:11; titus 2:3-4)? 4.5.1. Women’s Ministry 4.5.2. Phoebe the “deaconess” 4.5.3. Junia the apostle ______________________________ 4.5. THERE IS SCRIPTURAL WARRANT FOR DEACONESSES, SO WHY NOT EXTEND THE ELDERSHIP TO WOMEN (1 TIM 3:11; TITUS 2:3-4)? The evidence for deaconesses is as follows. The first piece is from a letter of Pliny to Trajan (who reigned AD 98-117) where he speaks of the torture of two “ancillis” who were called “ministrae.”1 It is rather odd, however, that neither Ignatius nor Polycarp mention this office.2 The second piece is Tertullian who may be referring to deaconesses in his On Exhortation to Chastity (13 end), when he refers to men and women “in ecclesasticus ordinibus” who owed their position to their chastity. However, it is possible that this is a reference to the order of widows or virgins, as far as the women are concerned. The third piece is from Clement of Alexandria (Stromata 3.6.53.3-4) who speaks of “feminis diaconis” but the context is a discussion between Paul and Timothy (1 Tim 3.11). The fourth piece of evidence comes from Clement’s student, Origen, who refers to “feminas in ministeris Ecclesiae constitu” (Commentary on Romans 16.1,2) which seems unambiguous about there being deaconesses. What was the role of a deaconess?3 In the Apostolic Tradition, attributed to Hippolytus (ca. 170-235) we are told of a ceremony of laying on of hands for deaconesses that is an exact duplicate of the ceremony for deacons.4 In the Didascalia (ca. 225) (at 3.12) deaconesses are said to have the responsibility of instructing new female converts on how to live a Christian life. They are to be honoured (2.26.5-8). In the Apostolic Constitutions (ca. AD 350-400) also of Syrian provenance, the deaconesses receive the newly baptized female convert (3.16). The bishop is to “ordain also a deaconess who is faithful and holy, for ministering to the women” (3.15.2) and to anoint women with oil after the deacon has done so in preparation for baptism. In the Council of Nicea (AD 325) Canon 19 numbers deaconesses among the Kanoni. However, the office of deaconess was unknown in the West before 394 because it was in that year that the Synod of Nîmes condemned the recent incursion of women (from the East) who hold the levitical office and the bishops in Synod exhaust the capacities of language in declaring their detestation of such a novel outrage, repudiate the ordinations, and say that nothing of the kind be done in future. At least three Councils, one at Orange (441) which declared that deaconesses were on no account to be ordained, one at Epâon (517), which again forbade the consecration of widows into deaconesses, and one at Orleans (533) mandated that the ordination of deaconesses be stopped entirely, and the 533 second 1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, 10.96-97, LCL 2 (1969) 404-5. 2 See the anonymous review article II in the Church Quarterly Review 47 (1898/9) 302-341, esp. pp. 305-27. This is an excellent summary of the origin and spread of the office of deaconess. The office was unknown in the West before the beginning of the 5th century. The office was known but not filled in Egypt during the same period (p, 308, 317). The office was probably in existence in the East under the name of Widow certainly by the end of the 2nd cent. (p. 311). 3 See the anonymous review article II in the Church Quarterly Review 47 (1898/9) 315-317. 4 Cf. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 653. Council of Orleans banned even unordained deaconesses.5 One stipulation that came in very early was that a deaconess had to forty years of age or older, unmarried or a widow. The order had begun as a means of practical service, but eventually had evolved sacral functions at baptism (possibly to prevent scandal since often baptism was in the nude). Thereafter, it involved the teaching of new female converts, again as a matter of decorum. While there are numerous similarities between Elders and Deacons there is one overriding distinction between the two offices. The Elders exercise the oversight or management of the local church, having the responsibility for the organising of the work of God, for the discipline in the congregation, the overall worship of the church, the ordination of other Elders, the setting aside of suitable men to ensure the true succession of the Gospel, and appointing suitable women, when necessary, for Christian social work among women. The deacon, on the other hand, carries out tasks that have been delegated to him by the Eldership, and they are, therefore, responsible in the first place to the Elders who appointed them. Regarding the functions of the Deacon we have no detailed list. However, we do know the type of work they were given to do. In Acts 6:1-6 we read of the Apostles’ concern not to be drawn away from “the ministry of the word of God in order to wait on tables.” They were aware, however, that this work was their responsibility, but as they had no time to do it as well as they might, they wisely delegated their work to other men to do on their behalf: “Brothers, choose seven men from among you who are known to be full of the Spirit and wisdom. We will turn this responsibility over to them and will give our attention to prayer and the ministry of the word.” Seven men were consequently chosen to sort out the trouble among the widows. Although this particular work among the women was given to men and not to women, this could have been because the situation required firm leadership. It is likely that there was other work among the women which would not be appropriate for a man to do, so although we have only one reference to a woman being called a deacon/servant (diavkonon from diavkono") in Romans 16:1, namely, Phoebe,6 no doubt certain tasks would be instinctively felt to be “woman’s work,” even if the women concerned are not given any title or official appointment. In Rome and in other large cities the number of deacons was maintained at seven in continuation of the original number; and on great days the seven deacons ministered to the bishop at the Eucharist. At Rome subdeacons came into existence at least as early as the first half of the third century, and a few years later the clergy comprised seven deacons, seven subdeacons and forty-two acolytes, besides fifty-two inferior clergy. The acolytes would carry the consecrated Eucharist to the clergy of district churches.7 Following the Reformation in Europe the office of deaconess is first attested among the Independents in Holland. We give here the actual account: At Amsterdam, before their division and breach, they were about three hundred communicants, and they had for their pastor and teacher these two eminent men before named [Mr. Francis Johnson and Mr. Henry Ainsworth], and in our time four grave men for ruling elders, and three able and godly men for deacons, one ancient widow for a deaconess, who did them service many years, though she was sixty years of age when she was chosen. She honoured her place and was an ornament to the congregation. She usually sat in a convenient place in the congregation, with a little birchen rod in her hand, and kept little children in great awe from disturbing the congregation. She did frequently visit the sick and weak, especially women, and, as there was need, called out maids and young women to watch and do them other help as their necessity did require; and if they were poor, she would gather relief for them of those that 5 See the anonymouse review article II in the Church Quarterly Review 47 (1898/9) 317-8. 6 I shall not here prejudge the issue whether Phoebe held an official office of ‘Deacon’ or was simply a ‘servant’ as every Christian was. This is treated more fully under 4.5.1 and 4.5.2. 7 See Walter Howard Frere, The Principles of Religious Ceremonial (London: A. R. Mowbray, 1928) p. 42. 2 were able, or acquaint the deacons; and she was obeyed as a mother in Israel and an officer of Christ.8 The office was gradually introduced elsewhere. One early eighteenth-century work on the subject gave the following directions. A deaconess is not to be ordained before the age of forty “unless upon a particular occasion, of which the Bishop is to be judge;” and she is to assist at the baptism of women, to instruct children and women before baptism, to supervise the women in Church and rebuke and correct those who misbehave, and “to introduce any woman who wanteth to make application to a Deacon, Presbyter, or Bishop.”9 The modern revival of the office of deaconess may be said to have begun in 1833 when there arose in Germany the “Society of Deaconesses for the Rhenish Provinces of Westphalia.” This was replicated all over Europe and in England an anonymous work (but thought to be by Florence Nightingale) was published in London in 1851, entitled, Account of the Institution for Deaconesses.