: ROM-THE- LIBRARYOF WNITYCOLLEGETORDNTO From the Library of Samuel L. Pollard Given by his family THE INCARNATION THE INCARNATION A STUDY OF PHILIPPIANS II. 5-1 1 AND A UNIVERSITY SERMON ON PSALM CX. BY THE LATE E. H. GIFFORD, D.D. SOME TIME ARCHDEACON OF LONDON AND CANON Or ST. PAUL S EDITED BY HENRY WAGE, D.D. DEAN OF CANTERBURY LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA 1911 RIBLIOORA PHICJA L NOTE THK INCARNATION First Edition, Hadder d.- Stoughtun, 1897 A UNIVERSITY SERMON ON PSALM ex First Edition, S.P.O.K., 1895 New Edition, in one Volume, September, 1911 PREFATORY NOTE BY THE EDITOR THE two Treatises here reprinted, by one of the most learned, accurate and judicious scholars of recent years, will be found, it is believed, of the highest value in the discussion which has of late, unhappily, become more acute respecting the nature of the authority of our Lord s statements in reference to matters with which historical and literary criticism is concerned. It is maintained by Scholars and Divines of high reputation in the present day that our Lord s "superhuman " omniscience," as God, was continuously and held in " l or that in consciously abeyance ; some sense, and to some extent, " His Divine powers and prerogatives were in abeyance during His " 2 life and in of this view St. earthly ; support Paul s expression in Philippians ii. 7 is appealed 1 Cambridge Biblical Essays, 1909, p. 249. * The Book of Exodus, in the Westminster Commentaries, p. xi. vi Prefatory Note. " Himself in to, that the Son of God emptied becoming man ". " This is carried so far as to maintain that it to was part of His divine self-sacrifice to refuse know, as man, anything which He could not learn by human methods V Now the value of the present volume consists in what seems to me to amount to the positive proof it offers, that, whether such views can be justified on other grounds or not, they receive no support what ever from St. Paul s language in the text to which appeal is made. It is a mere error in exegesis to suppose that, as an eminent living 2 Divine has expressed it, our Lord is conceived by St. Paul " to have emptied Himself of the divine mode of existence so far as was involved in His really entering upon the human mode of existence ". On the contrary, as Dr. Gifford sums up his argument, at the conclusion of Part I. : "as to the manner in which those two Natures are united in one Person as to the manner in which the Deity was limited or the humanity exalted by their union, during Christ s life on earth, the Apostle has said nothing what ever in this passage". Those, therefore, who are convinced that any such limitation of our Lord s authority, as is assumed by modern critics, 1 Cambridge Biblical Essays, I.e. * Bishop Gore s Dissertations on Subjects connected with the Incar nation, p. 88 f. Prefatory Note. vii would be fatal to His claim to be the Son of God Incarnate, may at least be assured by the first treatise in this volume that there is nothing inconsistent with their conviction in the teach ing of St. Paul. The second short treatise in the volume, being of a sermon preached before the University to a Oxford, applies similarly accurate exegesis to our Lord s know particular case in reference It is often ledge, which is of typical importance. that David alleged that the traditional belief was the author of the 110th Psalm, on which our Lord based an argument with the Pharisees at a cardinal moment in His career, is disproved by modern criticism. But Dr. Gifford adduces cogent arguments, from literary and historical traditional criticism itself, in support of the it seems to belief, and exposes conclusively, as me, the unsoundness of the arguments on which this belief is impugned. He thus shows that in has one conspicuous instance, of which much been made, our Lord did not exhibit either the to the literary ignorance, or the condescension which has literary ignorance of His opponents, on the con been attributed to Him ; but that, their belief were alike trary, His argument and based upon fact. The extent to which inferences from our Lord s words can properly be brought to bear on ques tions of literary and historical criticism requires, viii Prefatory Note. of course, careful discussion. But the two treatises in this volume would seem sufficient to show that His words in relation to such ques tions cannot, with due regard to facts, be simply eliminated from consideration, as is now too often assumed. The Editor must record the thanks of all who are concerned in this republication for the kind permissions which have rendered it practicable. H. WAGE. CANTEBBUEY, August, 1911. PREFACE TO THE STUDY OF PHILIPPIANS II. 5-11 THE interpretation of Philippians ii. 5-H, which forms the first part of the present little volume, was originally published as two articles in The Expositor for September and October, 1896. Several friends, upon whose judgment I could most fully rely, desired to see the substance of the articles re-published, with additions, in a more permanent and convenient form. This I have now been able to accomplish through the kindness of Messrs. Hodder and Stoughton, the publishers of The Expositor. My purpose throughout has been simply to establish the true interpretation of St. Paul s language, without attempting to discuss the various dogmatic theories which profess to be deduced from it, except in so far as they are based upon representations of the Apostle s meaning, which I can only regard as mistaken and misleading. In the historical notes, which form the second part of the volume, I have endeavoured to trace x Pre/ac&. errors of briefly the origin and course of certain interpretation which have been long and widely prevalent in foreign Protestant theology, and have recently begun to find favour in our own country. The tendency in modern thought to give es pecial prominence to the earthly life and human character of Christ is doubtless, in many cases, the result of a genuine and earnest desire to strengthen men s faith in the great doctrine of the Incarnation. And we cannot but sympathise " " with the effort to pourtray the Perfect Man in all the reality of our human nature, as helping to produce a livelier sense of the sympathy, com passion, and self-sacrificing love of Him who " could be touched with the feeling of our in " firmities," and tempted in all points like as we are, yet without sin." On the other hand, there is cause to fear lest humanitarian views of our Saviour s life on earth, if regarded too exclusively and pressed too far, may tend, in minds less learned and less devout, to obscure that glory of the Incarnate Word, " which was beheld by the Apostles, a glory as of the only-begotten of the Father." But however we may regard the tendency of some recent theories of the Incarnation, there can be but one opinion of the danger of specu lative theology based upon erroneous interpreta tion of the language of Holy Scripture. And Preface. XI that is the danger which I humbly and earnestly seek to avert. My best thanks are due to the Rev. Dr. Taylor, Master of St. John s College, Cambridge, and to the Rev. Dr. Bright, Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, for the valuable suggestions which I have received from them. E. H. GIFFORD. ARLINGTON HOUSE, OXFORD, March, 1897. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY NOTE PREFATORY NOTE BY THE EDITOR ... v PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR ix THE INCARNATION- PART I. PHIUPPIANS n. 5-11 3 PART II. NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE INTERPRETATION . 55 THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE HOTH PSALM 85 NOTES . ... 108 PART I PHILIPPIANS II. 5-11 PHILIPPIANS ii. 5-11 o Kal ev ev ToCro (ppovelre ev vp.lv Xpiorw lr)(rov, 6s /j,op(pfj Qeov TO elvai "era d\\a eavrov f ov% dpTraypbv rjyrjcraTO 9eo>, 8ov\ov ev KOI rfv Xa/3a>i>, o/iotco/nart dvdpa>Tra>v yevopevos evpedels u>s livdpcanos fTairelvaxrev eavrbv yev6fj,evos inrriKOO davdrov, davdrov 8e oravpov 8ib Kal 6 Qeos avrov virepv^raxrev, KOI t)(apicraTO airw ro ovo/ta TO vrrep rrdv oi/o/ia, Iva eV rw oj/d/iart irjcrov Trdv KOI <al KOI Trdcra yovv Kap.\l^rj tnovpavicov firiydav KaTa)(dovLa>v, y\Sxrcra f^ofj,oXoyfjcrr]Tai, OTI Kvpios Irjaovs XptVror els , 86av Qeov Trarpdr. this in which was also in Christ Jesus sub Have miud you ; who, 1 2 sisting in the form of God, counted it not a prize that he was on an equality with God, but emptied himself by taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men : and being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, becoming obedient even unto death, yea, the death of the cross. Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him and given him the Name which is above every name : that at the Name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth : and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.