THE WORLD OF THE NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS This page intentionally left blank The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms A Political and Military History TREVOR BRYCE 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Trevor Bryce 2012 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–921872–1 13579108642 Acknowledgements It has been a pleasure to work with OUP’s editorial staff, particularly Hilary O’Shea and Taryn Campbell, throughout this project, and I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dorothy McCarthy for her meticulous work in the copy-editing process, and to David Pelteret for his thorough proofreading and many valuable suggestions. My thanks are also due to the School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics, University of Queensland, for its valuable infrastructure support. I would like to dedicate this volume to the memory of Robert Ireland, a fine young man who died well before his time. The world would be a better place were there more people like Robert within it. Trevor Bryce University of Queensland December 2010 This page intentionally left blank Contents Maps ix Figures x Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 PART I SETTING THE SCENE 1. The End of an Era 9 2. The Hittite Empire’s Anatolian Successors 33 3. Defining the Neo-Hittites 47 4. The Biblical Hittites 64 PART II THE IRON AGE KINGDOMS AND DYNASTIES Preface to Chapters 5–779 5. The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms in the Euphrates Region 83 6. The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms in the Anti-Taurus and Western Syrian Regions 122 7. The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms in South-Eastern Anatolia 141 8. The Aramaean States 163 9. Other Peoples and Kingdoms 181 PART III THE NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT 10. The Kingdoms Evolve (12th–11th centuries) 195 11. Subjection to Assyria (10th–9th centuries) 209 12. Absorption by Assyria (8th century) 253 Afterword 290 Appendix I Transliterating the Inscriptions 297 Appendix II Neo-Hittite and Aramaean Rulers: A Summary List 301 viii Contents Appendix III The Kings of Late Bronze Age Hatti 310 Appendix IV The Neo-Assyrian Kings 311 Notes 312 Bibliography 337 Index 347 Maps 1. Late Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Syria, and Northern Mesopotamia. 8 2. The Hittite Empire’s Anatolian Successors. 32 3. The Iron Age Kingdoms of Northern Syria and South-Eastern Anatolia. 46 4. The Kingdoms of Tabal, Hilakku, and Que (Adanawa). 140 5. The Neo-Assyrian Empire. 208 Figures 1. Reconstructed walls of Hattusa. 11 2. Suppiluliuma II, last king of the Hittite Empire (from the Südburg complex, Hattusa). 20 3. Rock tombs at Myra in Lycia. 37 4. Lion head, Carchemish (courtesy, British Museum). 48 5. Luwian hieroglyphic inscription of Kamani, early–mid 8th-century king of Carchemish (courtesy, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford). 61 6. Inscription of Katuwa, 10th- or early 9th-century king of Carchemish (courtesy, British Museum). 93 7. Yariri and Kamani, successive rulers of Carchemish (cast of an original now in Ankara) (courtesy, British Museum). 96 8. The goddess Kubaba, from Carchemish (courtesy, British Museum). 112 9. Shell clappers, presented to Shalmaneser III by the Hamathite king Urhilina (courtesy, British Museum). 136 10. Ivriz monument, depicting Warpalawa paying homage to the Storm God of the Vineyard (from K. Bittel, Les Hittites, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1976: Pl. 328). 151 11. Ashurnasirpal II (courtesy, British Museum). 212 12. Bearers of tribute to Ashurnasirpal II, perhaps from north-west Syria and Phoenicia (courtesy, British Museum). 217 13. Tiglath-pileser III (courtesy, British Museum). 259 14. Attack by Tiglath-pileser’s army on a city perhaps in Syria (c.728, from Central Palace, Nimrud) (courtesy, British Museum). 263 15. Hieroglyphic Luwian logograms. 296 Abbreviations ABC A. K. Grayson (1975), Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, New York: J. J. Augustin (cited by page nos.) AfO Archiv für Orientforschung AJA American Journal of Archaeology AM A. Goetze (1933), Die Annalen des Mursilis, Leipzig (repr. Darmstadt, 1967) ANET J. B. Pritchard (1969), Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edn., Princeton: Princeton University Press AoF Altorientalische Forschungen ARAB D. D. Luckenbill (1928), Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, Vols. 1 and II, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (repr. Greenwood Press, New York, 1968) (cited by section nos.) ARE IV J. H. Breasted (1906), Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. IV, Chicago: University of Chicago Press AS Anatolian Studies BAR Biblical Archaeological Review BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis BMD P. Bienkowski and A. Millard (eds.) (2000), British Museum Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, London: British Museum CAH Cambridge Ancient History CANE J. M. Sasson (ed.) (1995), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (4 vols.), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons Chav. M. W. Chavalas (ed.), The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation, Oxford: Blackwell (cited by page nos.) CHLI I J. D. Hawkins (2000), Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. I: Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Berlin and New York: de Gruyter CHLI II H. Çambel (1999), Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. II: Karatepe–Aslantaş. The Inscriptions, Berlin and New York: de Gruyter CRAI Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres CS I, II, III W. W. Hallo and K. L. Younger (eds.) (1997, 2000, 2002), The Context of Scripture (3 vols.), Leiden, New York, and Cologne: Brill EA The El-Amarna Letters, most recently ed. and transl. by W. Moran (1992), The Amarna Letters, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press (cited by document nos.) xii Abbreviations Epon. A. Millard (1994), The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire 910–612, State Archives of Assyria Studies II, Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Dept. of Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki ES G. Bunnens (ed.) (2000), Essays on Syria in the Iron Age, Ancient Near East Studies, Supplement 7, Louvain, Paris, and Sterling (Virginia): Peeters Fuchs A. Fuchs (1993), Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad, Göttingen: Cuvillier (page nos. cited; roman type = transliterations, italics = translations) Ann. = Annals Cyl. = Cylinder Inscription Disp. = Display Inscription. HCBD P. J. Achtmeier (ed.) (1996), HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, New York: HarperCollins HcI F. W. König (1955), Handbuch der chaldischen Inschriften, AfO Beiheft 8, Graz IEJ Israel Exploration Journal Jas. A. M. Jasink (1995), Gli Stati Neo-Ittiti: Annalisi delle fonti scritte e sintesi storica, Pavia: Gianni Iuculano Editore (Studia Mediterranea 10) JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies KatHet Katalog der Ausstellung: Die Hethiter und ihr Reich. Das Volk der 1000 Götter (Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn, 2002), Stuttgart, 2002 Lie A. G. Lie (1929), The Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria, Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner (page nos. cited) MDOG Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin OCD S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds.) (1996), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press OT Old Testament PPAWA T. R. Bryce (2009), The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, Abingdon: Routledge Pros. The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki: University of Helsinki. Editor in Chief: S. Parpola. (For details, see Bibliography under Pros.) RAss Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie orientale RGTC Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert RGTC 6 G. F. Del Monte and J. Tischler (1978), Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte Abbreviations xiii RIMA The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods, Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press (cited by vol. and page nos.) RIMA 1 A. K. Grayson (1987), Assyrian