Hazus Hurricane Wind for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands May 2021 Hazus Hurricane Wind for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. viii Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... x Section 1. Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 1-1 Section 2. Adapting the Hazus Model for Caribbean Territories ........................................................ 2-1 2.1 A Need for Hazus following Hurricanes Irma and Maria.............................................................. 2-1 2.2 Leveraging Damage Inspections and Local Caribbean Conditions Data ................................... 2-2 2.2.1 Topographic Differences ....................................................................................................... 2-3 2.2.2 Differences in the Built Environment ................................................................................... 2-4 2.2.2.1 Residential Construction ............................................................................................... 2-4 2.2.2.2 Informal Construction and Building Codes .................................................................. 2-5 Section 3. Data Development ............................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Input data/data sources ................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1.1 Damage Curves ...................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Building Footprints ................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.1.3 Machine Learning .................................................................................................................. 3-3 3.1.4 Mapping Schemes ................................................................................................................. 3-4 3.1.5 Surface Roughness and Wind Field Calculations ................................................................ 3-7 3.1.6 Tree and Debris Parameters ................................................................................................. 3-7 3.2 Puerto Rico Machine Learning for SDE Following Irma and Maria ............................................. 3-9 3.3 Description of Lidar-derived Building Footprints ........................................................................ 3-10 3.3.1 Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Building Footprint Creation ................................ 3-10 3.3.2 Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Building Footprint Creation Process ........................ 3-11 3.3.2.1 Puerto Rico Building Footprint Dense City Footprint Splitting .................................. 3-13 3.3.2.2 Automated and Manual Quality Control (QC) Process ............................................... 3-16 3.3.3 Hazus Hurricane Mapping Scheme Data Collection Review............................................. 3-17 3.3.3.1 Puerto Rico Building Footprint Data Review .............................................................. 3-18 3.3.3.2 U.S. Virgin Islands Building Footprint Data Review ................................................... 3-20 3.3.3.3 Building Footprint Development Expert Guidance..................................................... 3-26 3.4 Hazus Wind Building Characteristics .......................................................................................... 3-27 3.4.1 Roofing ................................................................................................................................. 3-28 3.4.1.1 Roof Cover Type ........................................................................................................... 3-28 3.4.1.2 Roof Cover Type (Puerto Rico & the USVI) ................................................................. 3-28 3.4.1.3 METAL Roof Cover Fastening (Puerto Rico & the USVI) ............................................ 3-28 3.4.1.4 Roof Cover Quality ....................................................................................................... 3-29 3.4.1.5 Secondary water resistance ........................................................................................ 3-29 3.4.1.6 Roof Deck Attachment ................................................................................................ 3-29 3.4.1.7 Metal Roof Deck Attachment ...................................................................................... 3-29 i Hazus Hurricane Wind for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands 3.4.1.8 Roof Deck Age .............................................................................................................. 3-30 3.4.1.9 Roof Frame Type .......................................................................................................... 3-30 3.4.1.10 Joist Spacing ................................................................................................................ 3-30 3.4.1.11 Roof Shape ................................................................................................................... 3-30 3.4.1.12 Roof-Wall Connection .................................................................................................. 3-31 3.4.2 Walls ..................................................................................................................................... 3-31 3.4.2.1 Masonry ReinforcING ................................................................................................... 3-31 3.4.3 Fenestrations and Doors ..................................................................................................... 3-31 3.4.3.1 Window Area ................................................................................................................ 3-31 3.4.3.2 Window Type (Puerto Rico & the USVI) ....................................................................... 3-32 3.4.3.3 Garage Doors and Shutters – Single-Family Homes ................................................. 3-32 3.4.3.3.1 Houses Without Shutters or Impact Resistant Glazing .......................................... 3-32 3.4.3.3.2 Houses With Shutters or Impact Resistant Glazing Protecting All Glazed Openings ................................................................................................................................... 3-32 3.4.3.4 Shutters – Other than Single-Family Homes .............................................................. 3-33 3.4.4 Number of Units ................................................................................................................... 3-33 3.4.5 Tie Downs (Manufactured Housing) ................................................................................... 3-33 3.4.6 Windborne Debris ................................................................................................................ 3-34 3.5 Puerto Rico Methodology for Building Inventory Development................................................. 3-34 3.5.1 New Roofing Material .......................................................................................................... 3-34 3.5.2 Puerto Rico-Specific Building Characteristics .................................................................... 3-35 3.5.2.1 Collection methods ...................................................................................................... 3-35 3.5.2.2 building Sampling Method .......................................................................................... 3-37 3.5.2.3 Building Characteristic Development ......................................................................... 3-38 3.5.2.3.1 Roof Shape ............................................................................................................... 3-38 3.5.2.3.2 Secondary Water Resistance ................................................................................... 3-38 3.5.2.3.3 Roof Deck Attachment ............................................................................................. 3-38 3.5.2.3.4 Roof-Wall Connection ............................................................................................... 3-38 3.5.2.3.5 Shutters .................................................................................................................... 3-38 3.5.2.3.6 Garage without Shutters .......................................................................................... 3-39 3.5.2.3.7 Garage with Shutters ............................................................................................... 3-39 3.5.2.3.8 Roof Cover Type ........................................................................................................ 3-39 3.5.2.3.9 Roof Cover Quality ...................................................................................................