Africa/Indonesia Region Research Report e) Production scale It is estimated that on average in Java the level of ownership of backyard poultry is around 50 birds, ranging from several birds to several hundred birds. However, most farmers may rear less than 50 birds (expert opinion). f) Health management Some farmers, who keep about 50 birds, apply New Castle Disease (ND) vaccination. Contrary HPAI vaccination usually requires the government intervention and program (e.g. AI vaccination is free in sector 4 farms). The problem for AI vaccination in village/native (so called kampong chicken) chickens is reaching a sufficient coverage. The current level of coverage is estimated to be about 50% without the booster application. However, during the last two years, less kampong chickens were vaccinated against AI due to limited stocks of the vaccine. AI vaccination is still controversial in terms of effectiveness and the probability of introducing new strains of zoonotic importance. ILRI base line surveys at the District level in Java have shown that some farmers might reject the AI vaccination due to side effects (see also risk factor chapter, vaccination). Moreover, some farmers even trade chickens in an outbreak area (ILRI 2008). These farmers do not see the economic value of the vaccination, as they are used to selling their chickens immediately when any clinical symptoms are observed to avoid further losses. Table 7. Backyard poultry‐keepers (Anonymous 2007a‐d) (Reports from Livestock Services West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta Special Territory, and East Java, published 2007) Species Present in Significant* Numbers** Distribution – Breeds Java geographical Chicken Yes 60‐70 % 7 All Districts of Java Kampong, (West 29,319,161; Pelung, Kedu East 40,058,195; Central 33,158,078 , Yogyakarta 3,970,670), Turkey Yes Not significant 1 Some district of Java, Local Turkey Duck Yes 8 – 10 % 7 All province of Java Tegal, (West Java 5,296,757, Magelang, East Java 2,430,767, Turi, central 4,614,460, Mojosari Yogyakarta 419,734) duck, Moving ducks Yes 2 – 3 % 7 Yogyakarta, Tegal, Tegal, Brebes, Pemalang, Magelang, Batang, Blitar, Kediri Turi, Mojokerto (Report Mojosari ACIAR) Duck Geese Yes Not significant 4 All districts of Java Local (Central java 94,686, geese West NA, East Java 564,437, Yogyakarta NA) Guinea fowl Yes as pets Not significant 1 NA One breed Guinea fowl (ayam mutiara) Quail Yes 2 ‐ 5 % 7 All province of Java NA (West NA, East 14.