View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository THE BUKHARAN EMIRATE AND TURKESTAN UNDER RUSSIAN RULE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: 1917-1924 A Master’s Thesis by SELİM ÖZTÜRK Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara May 2012 To My Mother and My Grandmother THE BUKHARAN EMIRATE AND TURKESTAN UNDER RUSSIAN RULE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: 1917-1924 Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by SELİM ÖZTÜRK In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May 2012 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Prof. Mark Padraig Almond Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Prof. Norman Stone Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Taşansu Türker Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE BUKHARAN EMIRATE AND TURKESTAN UNDER RUSSIAN RULE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: 1917-1924 Öztürk, Selim M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Mark Padraig Almond May 2012 This thesis analyzes the transformation and evolution of Bukharan state and society from a feudal monarchy, Bukharan Emirate, firstly to Bukharan People’s Republic as a transition regime, and from this to a national republic as Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist Republic in perspective of political history. While focusing on the transformation and change in the region, the outside and inside factors accelerating the transformation such as Russian intervention and invasion into the region, Russian capitalist penetration, increase of national awakening through the Central Asian intelligentsia and Jadid movement in the region are in detail reviewed. In addition, the identity formation of Uzbekistan and Central Asian republics are analyzed in detail during the period of this transformational era. While focusing upon the Emirate of Bukhara in detail, the related regions, states and communities in Central Asia are also reviewed. Key Words: Bukharan Emirate, Bukharan People’s Republic, Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian intervention, Russian capitalist penetration, Central Asian intelligentsia, Jadid movement. iii ÖZET RUS DEVRİMLERİ DÖNEMİNDE RUS HÂKİMİYETİNDEKİ BUHARA EMİRLİĞİ VE TÜRKİSTAN: 1917-1924 Öztürk, Selim Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Mark Padraig Almond Mayıs 2012 Bu tez, Buhara’nın devlet ve toplum yapısının feodal monarşiden ilk önce geçiş dönemi rejimi olan Buhara Halk Cumhuriyetine ve bundan da ulus devlet konumundaki Özbekistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetine transformasyonunu ve evrimini siyasi perspektif çerçevesinde analiz etmektedir. Bölgedeki değişime ve transformasyona odaklanılırken Rus müdahalesi ve işgali, Rus kapitalizminin bölgeye nüfuzu, Orta Asya’daki aydınlar sınıfının ve Ceditçilik hareketinin etkisi ile gelişen ulusal uyanış gibi değişime etki eden iç ve dış faktörler de detaylıca incelenmiştir. İlaveten Özbekistan’ın ve Orta Asya Cumhuriyetlerinin bu dönemdeki kimlik oluşumları ve inşa süreçleri detaylıca analiz edilmiştir. Bunun yanında, genel olarak Buhara Emirliğine odaklanılırken bu süreçle ilgili olan Orta Asya’daki ilgili bölgeler, ülkeler ve topluluklar da incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Buhara Emirliği, Buhara Halk Cumhuriyeti, Özbekistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, Rus müdahalesi, Rus kapitalizminin bölgeye nüfuzu, Orta Asya’daki aydınlar sınıfı, Ceditçilik hareketi. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is a fruition of a both burdensome and gratifying process of study. My greatest thanks are for my thesis supervisor Mark Padraig Almond, who shared his profound scholarship with utmost attention to my work. He was always encouraging, helpful and supportive during my study. My gratitude for him is far beyond expression. He gave me the chance of writing this thesis with him. This is great happiness and honor for me. He will always be my teacher. My greatest thanks are also for Taşansu Türker. I can never forget his help, support and encouragement. He honored me by taking place in the jury committee. It is very great honor and happiness for me. I am really thankful to him for his help in my difficult process of thesis defense. He will always be my teacher. I am very grateful to Norman Stone for his kindness of taking part in my thesis committee. My gratitude for him is far beyond expression. This is indefinable honor and pride for me. I will always be thankful to him. He will always be my teacher. v My greatest thanks are also for Timur Kocaoğlu. He gave a large interview to me about his father, Osman Khodzhaev and history of Uzbekistan. I am very thankful to him for his help and support. I am also thankful to Ömer Ayçiçek. He is head of department in my job. He gave time for my thesis studies at work and helped me complete my studies. He is both a good boss and a friend. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii ÖZET.......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................. …………………v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ ...vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...…......................................................................... 1 1.1. The Ancient and Early History of Bukhara and Samarkand…………...3 1.2. Ethnicity…….............................................................................................8 1.3. The Derivation of Bukhara and Samarkand’s Religious Importance and Holiness in the Muslim World………............................................................14 1.4. Religiosity in Bukhara….........................................................................16 1.5. The Reasons of Russian Conquest...........................................................22 CHAPTER 2: RUSSIAN INTERVENTION AND BIRTH OF JADIDISM…..................................................................... .......................................29 2.1. Early Russian Expansion and Campaigns................................................29 2.2. The Great Game on Turkestan: The Early Relations among Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Bukharan Emirate..................31 2.3. The Russian Conquests............................................................................33 vii 2.4. The Improving Relations between the Emir and Tsarist Russia..............36 2.5. Capital Penetration in Bukhara................................................................40 2.6. National Awakening and Jadidism.......................………..…………….46 2.6.1. Jadidism in Bukhara.........................................……………………….46 2.6.2. The Reasons of Emergence of Jadidism..............................……..…..50 2.6.3. The Jadids and Russian Educated Intellectuals....................................52 2.6.4. Birth and Increase of National Awakening...........................................54 2.7. Emir Alim Khan (Pro-Modernist but Anti-Reformist Character)………57 CHAPTER 3: REVOLUTIONARY ERA……………….…………………………60 3.1. Pre-Revolutionary Era…………….…………………………………….61 3.2. Other Main Muslim Operating Forces in Russia-wide…………………63 3.2.1. Alash Orda Autonomous Government……………..…………………63 3.2.2. Kokand Autonomous Government……………..……..……………...66 3.2.3. Bashkurd Autonomous Government………….………………………68 3.2.4. The Khivan Khanate………………….…….…..…………………….70 3.3. February Revolution Era….…………….…….…..…………………….71 3.4. October Revolution Era…………..…….…..…………………………..76 3.5. The Right of Self Determination and Struggle of Classes in Turkistan...83 3.5.1. The Right of Self Determination…….…..…………….…………….83 vii 3.5.2. The Struggle of Classes….…..…………….…………………………85 CHAPTER 4: BASMACHI MOVEMENT AND REORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL ASIA...…………….……………………….………………….……….89 4.1. Basmachi Movement in Central Asia…….………….…………………90 4.2. Arrival of Turkish Officials to the Region.………….……………..…..96 4.2.1. Arrival of Jemal….………….………………………….…………….96 4.2.2. Arrival of Enver…….……………………………….………………97 4.3. The Basmachis after Enver………………..………………….………102 4.4. The New Regime in Bukhara after the Fall of Monarchy…….……....105 4.5. On the Way of Disbandment of the People’s Republics………….…..110 4.6. Reorganization of Central Asia and Sovietization Policies in the Region…………………………………………………………….………..112 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION..………………….………………………………..124 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……...………………….…………………...………..129 APPENDIX A…...………………….…………………...…………………………132 APPENDIX B……………….…………………...……………….……………….138 APPENDIX C……….…………………...……………….……………….……….140 APPENDIX D……...…………………...……………….…………………………142 APPENDIX E…….…………………...……………….……………….………….147