DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed Faculty of Foreign Languages Department of English Doctoral School A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of English in Partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Magister in British Civilisation David Cameron and the Soft Euroscepticism: An ‘in-out’ Referendum for the UK in a Reformed EU (2010- 2016) Presented by Supervised by Fatima Zohra CHOUIH Pr. Rachida YACINE Board of Examiners Professor President University of Oran 2 Zoulikha BOUHADIBA Professor Supervisor University of Oran 2 Rachida YACINE Doctor Examiner University of Oran 2 Neema GHENIM Professor Examiner University of Mostaganem Abbes BAHOUS Academic Year 2015-2016 Dedications I Dedications Every challenging work needs a self-effort as well as the support of those who are very close to our heart My humble effort I dedicate it to My Mother Rahma MERINI A strong and gentle soul who taught me to believe in hard work and that so much could be done with little. My Father I would like to leave the remaining space of dedication in the memory of my father Mohamed CHOUIH who earned an honest living for us and who encouraged me to believe in myself. II Acknowledgments Acknowledgments The writing of this dissertation would not have been possible without the ongoing support of my teachers, colleagues, friends, and of course my family. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Pr. Rachida YACINE for her unwavering support and persistent mentorship. I am extremely thankful to my teachers at the ‘Doctoral School’ of the University of Oran for their support and encouragement. Very great thanks go to my friends and colleagues especially Ahlem FIDOUH, Fatima YAHIA, Ibtissam BEANTALEB, Mohamed DAOUADJI, Soumia RAHLI, and my cousin Samira BELAMOKHTAR for helping me organising this work. I am so grateful to Dr. Houari MIRED from the University of Mostaganem who provided me with the theoretical framework and many references to achieve this dissertation. Last but obviously not least, I am forever grateful to my Family. Special thanks to Zakaria DJELLOUL DAOUADJI IV Abstract This dissertation sheds light on David Cameron’s ambivalent and deliberate strategy toward the contemporary Euroscepticism. It scrutinises how this issue has left the Prime Minister David Cameron with few choices, causing him to call an ‘In-Out referendum’. Yet, in a flagging endeavour to face the economic crisis, to rein his Eurosceptic backbenchers and counter electoral threats from the other parties, Cameron launched his campaign for reform. This campaign package encompasses a pre-concession referendum for his European partners and an in-out referendum for the British people. What spurred a polemic academic debate is that Britain and the EU are drifting apart at the same time as Cameron is launching his package of reform to realise a new settlement in the EU. Therefore, to reach an accurate reading on this issue, I have divided my dissertation into three chapters. The first chapter is a theoretical framework on the key factors shaping the British integration in the EU. My ultimate research in this chapter lies first in approaching the EU from geographic, economic and social interaction between different geographical areas. This chapter further detects the major types of integration within delving into the potent tools used to measure the level and the degree of integration. In the same tend, the second chapter delves into the conceptual complexity and the operationalisation of eurosecepticism with investigating howdeeply this phenomenon run. Throughout this analysis, there is further a deep scrutiny of the factors shaping Euroscepticism in Britain. Complementarily, the third chapter unveils Cameron’s shrewdest and wistful ambivalent strategy towards Euroscepticism. Cameron’s governmental coalition, main pillars of reform and political branding played a potent role in building and branding a successful deliberate duality in managing the British-European alliance. The ultimate factors behind Blue-Yellow Coalition, the rival parties little bit excitement about the ‘In-Out Referendum’ and the major ramification of a Brexit are the major themes in this section. V Résumé Cette thèse examine la stratégie ambivalente et délibérée du Premier Ministre David Cameron vers l'euroscepticisme contemporain. Elle examine comment cette question a laissé Cameron avec peu d'options, lui faisant appeler a un Référendum le 23 Juin 2016. Dans son infructueux effort de faire face à la crise économique, de convaincre ces eurosceptiques députés, et de cesser les menaces électorales des autres partis, Cameron a lancé une campagne de réforme. La réussite de sa compagne demande un pré-référendum de concession de ses partenaires Européens et un ‘in-out référendum’ du peuple Britannique. Qui a stimulé un débat académique c’est que la Royaume Uni et l'Union européenne sont à la dérive en même temps que Cameron lance ses piliers et son paquet de réforme. Pour mettre ces deux paradoxal processus dans le même carrefour, j'ai divisé ma thèse en trois chapitres dont Le premier est une analyse théorique sur les facteurs clés qui façonnent l'intégration britannique dans l'UE. Par conséquent, ma recherche ultime dans ce chapitre c’est d'approcher l'UE de différentes' interactions (géographique, économique et sociale) entre différentes zones géographiques. Cette cession détecte en outre les principaux types d'intégration et révèle les outils puissants utilisés pour mesurer le niveau de l'intégration. Dans le même ordre, le deuxième chapitre se penche sur la complexité conceptuelle et opérationnelle de ce phénomène. Tout au long de ce chapitre, il existe de nombreux facteurs qui façonnent l'euroscepticisme au Royaume Uni. Le troisième chapitre corollairement dévoile la stratégie ambivalente de Cameron vers l'euroscepticisme contemporain. La coalition gouvernementale, les principaux piliers de réforme, et l'image de son marketing politique ont joué un grand rôle dans la construction et la réussite de sa stratégie duelle et délibérée qui a vraiment bien géré l'alliance Anglos- Européenne. Les facteurs ultimes derrière la ‘Bleu-Jaune Coalition’, l'excitation des partis rivaux sur le référendum, et les ramifications d'un Brexit sont les principaux thèmes de cette section. VI ملخص كثيرة هي العوامل التي جعلت من المملكة المتحدة دولة معروفة بمواقفها المترددة اتجاه عضويتها في اﻻتحاد اﻷوروبي. فتحول اﻻتحاد اﻷوروبي من منظمة جهوية إلى منظمة عالمية جعل من بريطانيا الدولة اﻷكثر شكوكا في مصداقية هذه المنظمة، تاريخ هذه الظاهرة يعود إلى عهد الثمانينات خﻻل فترة الحكم الوزاري لمارغريت تاتشر إﻻ أنها تأججت في عهد الوزير الحالي ديفد كامرون، فبين مؤيد ومعارض شهدت اﻷحزاب السياسية إرثا متضاربا من حيث إنظمام إلى اﻻتحاد اﻷوروبي من عدمه. من أجل الكشف الستار عن هذه الظاهرة قسمت رسالة الماجستير هذه إلى ثﻻث أجزاء: الفصل اﻷول: هو دراسة نظرية لظاهرة الجهوية في اﻻتحاد اﻷوروبي قمت فيه بتيليط الضوء على كيفية عمل هذه المنظمة وذلك باستعمال المقاربات والنظريات. الفصل الثاني يسلط الضوء على المفهوم النظري والتطبيقي لظاهرة الشكوك في مصداقية اﻻتحاد اﻷوروبي. يكمن هذا الفصل في هيكلة العهوامل الرئيسية لنمو هذه الظاهرة لدى الحزب المحافظ البريطاني بما أنه يلعب دور بؤرة التوثر، وذلك من عهدة مارغريت تاتشر إلى عهدة دافيد كاميرون. الفصل الثالث هو تنقيب في أسباب تأجج هاته الظاهرة في عهدة رئيس اللوزراء البريطاني الحالي دافيد كاميرون مع تسليط الضوء على استراتيجيته متعددة الجوانب والتي تشمل اﻹصﻻح مقابل اﻻنسحاب من هذه المنظمة. VII List of Maps Map of the EU Member States............................................................................... 9 VIII List of Tables Table 1: Nick Clegg Working Party on Parliamentary Reform: 2010 ..................... 103 IX List of Diagrams Diagram 1: The EU’s Institution ...................................................................................11 Diagram 2: Approaches to the European Union ............................................................33 Diagram 3: Human Personality Dimensions of Political Branding .............................. 99 X List of Pie Charts UK General Elections: Seats Won ................................................................... 99 XI List of Graphs Graph 1: EU Budget deficit......................................................................................... 89 Graph 2: UK General Election: Forecast 2015.......................................................... 113 Graph 3: 2014s Brexit Polls………………….............................................................121 XII Table of contents Contents Dedications ............................................................................................................................................... I Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. III Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... V Résumé ................................................................................................................................................... VI VII ...................................................................................................................................................... ملخص List of Maps .......................................................................................................................................... VIII List of Tables ..........................................................................................................................................