Foundations and Facets FORUM third series 1,1 spring 2007 Reconstructing Historical Context mahlon h. smith Preface 1 rubén r. dupertuis Writing and Imitation Greek Education in the Greco-Roman World 3 christine shea Education in Roman Palestine 31 joseph b. tyson The Implications of a Late Date for Acts 41 robert m. price The Apocalypses and Acts of Paul Do They Know the Pauline Epistles? 65 valerie abrahamsen Evidence for a Christian Goddess The Bendis-Zodiac Relief at Philippi 97 the acts seminar Voting Record 113 publisher Forum, a biannual journal first published in Polebridge Press 1985, contains current research in biblical and cognate studies. The journal features articles on editor the historical Jesus, Christian origins, and Mahlon H. Smith related fields. Rutgers University, Emeritus Manuscripts may be submitted to the publisher, editorial board Polebridge Press, Willamette University, Salem Arthur J. Dewey Oregon 97301; 503-375-5323; fax 503-375-5324; Xavier University [email protected]. A style guide is available from Polebridge Press. Please note that Robert T. Fortna all manuscripts must be double-spaced, and Vassar College, Emeritus accompanied by a matching electronic copy. Julian V. Hills Marquette University Subscription Information: The annual Forum Roy W. Hoover subscription rate is $30. Back issues may be Whitman College, Emeritus ordered from the publisher. Direct all inquiries concerning subscriptions, memberships, and Lane C. McGaughy permissions to Polebridge Press, Willamette Willamette University, Emeritus University, Salem Oregon 97301; 503-375-5323; Chris Shea fax 503-375-5324. Ball State University Copyright © 2010 by Polebridge Press, Inc. James Veitch All rights reserved. The contents of this Victoria University publication cannot be reproduced either in Walter Wink whole or in part, except for brief quotations in Auburn Theological scholarly reviews and publications. Permission Seminary, Emeritus requests should be directed to the publisher. issn 0883–4970 Contributors Valerie Abrahamsen holds a ThD in New Testament and Christian origins from Harvard Divinity School. Her publications include Women and Worship at Philippi (1995) and, most recently, Goddess and God: A Holy Tension in the First Christian Centuries (2006). She is currently Registrar and Director of Academic Support Services at the Smith College School for Social Work. Rubén R. Dupertuis is Assistant Professor of Early Christian Literature and History at Trinity University in San Antonio, TX. His research interests include the Acts of the Apostles and early Christian narrative more generally, education in the ancient world, and the role of Bible in American popular culture. Dupertuis is the Co-Chair of the Ancient Fiction and Early Christian and Jewish Narrative Group of the SBL.. Robert M. Price is Professor of Scriptural Studies at Johnnie Coleman Theological Seminary. He is author The Widow Traditions in Luke-Acts (1997), Deconstructing Jesus (1999), and The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable is the Gospel Tradition? (2003). Christine Shea is Professor of Classics and Chair of the Department of Modern Languages and Classics at Ball State University in Muncie, IN. Co-editor of Ancient Fiction: The Matrix of Early Christian and Jewish Narrative (2006), she is an expert in the culture of the Roman Empire in the first century. She is a Fellow of the Jesus Seminar and a member of the Scholars Version translation project on early Christian letters. Mahlon H. Smith, the editor of Forum, is Professor Emeritus and retired chair of the Religion Department at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, NJ. He is co-author with Robert W. Funk of The Gospel of Mark: Red Letter Edition (1990), and served as program chair of the Jesus Seminar (1991–1996). He created and maintains the academic website, Virtual Religion Network. iv • Contributors Joseph B. Tyson is Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at Southern Methodist University in Dallas. His numerous books and articles on Luke-Acts include Luke, Judaism, and the Scholars: Critical Approaches to Luke-Acts (1999) and, most recently, Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle (2006). Preface How one interprets anything depends on the context in which it is viewed; so the more one discovers about the original context of a person, object or text the clearer and more accurate one’s understanding of its formation. While the traditional biblical canon programs the casual reader to interpret the disparate texts between its covers as integral pieces of a harmonious or at least continu- ous whole, detailed probing of the evidence sometimes requires revising prior views of the contexts in which these texts took shape. The articles in this volume, though as diverse in origin and focus as the bibli- cal books themselves, share a theme of challenging common assumptions about the world of early Christianity. The first two deal with issues of education. Rubén Dupertuis examines in detail Greek educational practices that influ- enced authors—Jews and Christians included—who composed their works in the early Roman empire. Since the evidence shows that for almost a millen- nium there was a surprisingly static educational system that stressed imitation (mimesis) of standard literary models, Dupertuis shows how the utopian model of Plato’s guardians in the Republic may have influenced both the description of the primitive Christian community in Acts, and Philo and Josephus’ descrip- tions of the Essenes. His cautious conclusion of possible literary influence opens questions not only about how much objective observation is embodied in such mimetic reports but on whether similarities in the latter support theories of direct historical relationship between these respective communities. Chris Shea charts a different course by challenging the usefulness of gener- alized social models based on evidence drawn from across the Roman world to draw conclusions about the literacy of a given Galilean Jew such as Jesus. Taking exception to William Harris’ minimalist claim of a low literacy rate among common subjects in the early Roman empire, Shea argues that such esti- mates depend on who is doing the counting. Then she picks apart assumptions based on lack of physical evidence and the equation of education with formal schooling. Having deconstructed Harris’ argument, she leaves the question of getting an education in ancient Galilee open for future investigation. The next two papers explore reasons for revising traditional assumptions about the historical setting in which early Christian works were composed. FORUM third series 1,1 spring 2007 1 2 • Preface Surveying implications of the Acts Seminar’s redating the canonical book of Acts to the early second century ce (see Forum n.s. 5,1) , Joseph Tyson argues that viewing this work as a response to the challenge posed by Marcion’s radical interpretation of Paul resolves questions that any supposed first-century date of composition leaves unanswered. Then, Robert Price, after assessing echoes of the Pauline correspondence in the Acts and Apocalypses of Paul, concludes that both extracanonical and canonical texts reflect the struggle between second century gnostic and ortho- dox authors who imposed their own religious perspectives on the apostle. Most notably, Price argues that portions of 1 Cor. 6–7 are best understood as attempts by post-Pauline encratites to co-opt the apostle as their spokesman. Such emen- dations indicate that even a genuine letter of Paul needs to be read as a latter day compendium of varying mindsets. Finally, Valerie Abrahamsen’s detailed examination of a marble relief of a Greco-Thracian goddess found in excavations of the third-century residence of a bishop of Philippi raises questions about religious syncretism even in commu- nities founded by the apostle Paul. This important archaeological finding cau- tions against making generalized impressions about the beliefs and practices of early Christians on the basis of orthodox literary evidence alone. —Mahlon H. Smith Editor’s Note: This issue begins a new series focusing primarily on questions relating to Christian origins that have been raised in papers delivered to Westar Seminars since October 2005. Writing and Imitation greek education in the greco-roman world Rubén R. Dupertuis INTRODUCTION The imitation of a handful of accepted literary models lies at the core of the Greco-Roman educational process throughout all of its stages. While at the more advanced levels the relationship to models became more nuanced, the underlying principle remained the imitation of those authors who had achieved greatness.1 Quintilian explains the rationale as follows: For there can be no doubt that in art no small portion of our task lies in imitation, since although invention came first and is all-important, it is expedient to imitate whatever has been invented with success. And it is a universal rule of life that we should wish to copy what we approve in others. It is for this reason that boys copy the shapes of letters that they may learn to write, and that musicians take the voices of their teachers, painters the works of their predecessors, and peasants the principles of agriculture which have been proved in practice, as models for their imitation. (Inst. or. 10.2.1–2) The emphasis on the imitation of models does not stop with a student’s educa- tion. The primary and secondary stages of education were specifically designed to lay the groundwork for rhetorical training, where a would-be rhetor or writer would learn the subtle art of imitation more fully. Students approached what is essentially the same set of texts at all stages of their education, but in increas- ingly complex and nuanced ways. The end result was what might be thought of as a mimetic compositional ethos. As rhetors and writers began to practice their craft, the years of training and preparation created, as Ruth Webb puts it, “certain modes of thinking about language, about the classical texts which served as models and about the relation to language in general.”2 These modes 1.