Understanding Cuban Tourism: Affect and Capital in post-Special Period Cuba A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Rebecca Ogden School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................ 4 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 5 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 6 Declaration ............................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 9 Chapter One: Approaches to Tourism ............................................................... 19 1.1 Tourism and world-making ....................................................................................... 19 1.2 Tourism and Latin America: exoticism, Otherness and sexual economies .............. 23 1.3 Tourism and affect: encounter and emotional labour ............................................... 29 1.4 Moving forwards ....................................................................................................... 34 Chapter Two: Approaches to the Cuban Revolution and Tourism ................. 38 2.1 Pre-revolutionary society and tourism ...................................................................... 39 2.2 The Revolution and social justice ............................................................................. 43 2.3 Special Period austerity, society and tourism ........................................................... 54 2.4 Making sense of the Cuban context ......................................................................... 62 2.5 Moving forwards ....................................................................................................... 70 Chapter Three: Methodology .............................................................................. 72 3.1 Methodological approaches ..................................................................................... 72 3.2 Data collection .......................................................................................................... 74 3.3 Textual analysis ........................................................................................................ 79 3.4 Participative methods ............................................................................................... 86 3.5 Analysis .................................................................................................................... 93 Chapter Four: Exotic capital ............................................................................... 96 4.1 Cuba as a passionate climate .................................................................................. 97 4.2 Exoticising the past: Tropicana .............................................................................. 108 4.3 Contemporary hedonism ........................................................................................ 113 4.4 Erotic capital: sexual openness and difference ...................................................... 120 4.5 Understanding Cuba as a sexscape ...................................................................... 127 4.6 Moving forwards ..................................................................................................... 131 Chapter Five: Emotional capital ....................................................................... 135 5.1 Affective Otherness: emotional and moral capital .................................................. 136 5.2 Making emotional capital work: emotional labour and authenticity ........................ 149 5.3 Negotiating complex emotions ............................................................................... 162 5.4 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................... 175 2 Contents Chapter Six: Making Sense of Affective Capital ............................................. 177 6.1 The currency of affective capital ............................................................................. 178 6.2 Capital as palimpsest ............................................................................................. 185 6.3 Making sense of capital, affect and tourism in the context of the Cuban Revolution ............................................................................................................................. 189 6.4 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................... 192 Chapter Seven: Conclusions ............................................................................ 194 7.1 Articulations of affective capital in touristic Cuba ................................................... 194 7.2 Affective negotiations on the ground ...................................................................... 196 7.3 New directions for research .................................................................................. 198 References ......................................................................................................... 200 Appendix A ......................................................................................................... 220 Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………….226 Appendix C ......................................................................................................... 231 87, 769 words 3 List of Figures Table 3.2.1: Empirical research timeline……………………………………………………..76 Table 3.2.2: Triangulation of method and data by approach……………………………….78 Diagram 3.3.1: The cycle of the tourist gaze......................................................................80 4 List of Abbreviations CEEC Centro de Estudios sobre la Economía Cubana CENESEX Centro Nacional de Educación Sexual CIPS Centro de Investigaciones Psicológicas y Sociológicas CTC Central de Trabajadores de Cuba FMC Federación de Mujeres Cubanas ELAM Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina INFOTUR Cuban tourist board MINTUR Ministerio de Turismo PCC Partido Comunista de Cuba 5 Abstract This thesis concerns the marketing, appropriation and consumption of affect in contemporary Cuban tourism. Since its rapid development to generate hard currency during the economic crisis of the 1990s, tourism has become the centre of the Cuban economy. More recently, following the radical reforms brought in under Raúl Castro, changes in private enterprise ventures have expanded touristic contact spaces beyond the previous controls of the formal sector. A range of services has emerged, responding to tourists’ demands to have an intimate, authentic experience of Cuba. Using the lens of affective capital, this study combines a consideration of this complex, rapidly-changing context with two further facets of the phenomenon: an analysis of the affective dimensions of Cuba’s representation in touristic texts, such as marketing, guidebooks, travel literature and online forums, and a discussion of the affective negotiations between host and guest on the ground. The strategic appropriation of affective capital identified in this thesis offers an original perspective on revolutionary Cuba’s tourism development. The resurgence of sex tourism since the resurrection of the tourism industry has been the dominant focus of previous scholarship, ignoring the wider ‘market of feelings’ that operates through tourism. In particular, approaches have been quick to emphasise the incongruity of prostitution in the context of revolutionary socialism, offering one-dimensional analyses of the state and the Cuban population. In addition, approaches from Tourism Studies have tended to be tourist-centric. This thesis draws together these actors with a dialogic approach in order to reveal some key complexities. The mixed methods approach combines textual analysis with some participative methods, carried out during a fieldwork trip in 2012, to address the connections between the lived realities of affective capital in Cuban tourism, the discourses that constitute it, and the social context. The findings reveal that Cuba is cast as a site of affective wealth through certain discourses and practices of tourism. Firstly, in describing the ways that Cuba is articulated through affective codes in touristic texts, this research reconfigures approaches to tourism’s world-making function through the framework of symbolic capital; it challenges the idea that revolutionary tourism policy is one-dimensional. Secondly, in looking at the lived realities of these discourses, the thesis critically addresses the kinds of negotiations relating to emotional work, bad feelings, and currency by both parties of the tourist encounter; this perspective extends important scholarship on tourism and affect in new directions based on the specificity of the Cuban context. 6 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The following four notes on copyright and the ownership