Constituency‐level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 Report June 2011 1 Acknowledgements This project was undertaken by Professor Michael Noble, Dr Gemma Wright, Ms Joanna Davies, Dr Helen Barnes and Dr Phakama Ntshongwana of the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at the University of Oxford in the UK. The project was funded by the United Nations Development Programme Namibia. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNDP. Members of the Khomas Regional Council and the Namibian Central Bureau of Statistics are thanked for their contributions during the consultation period. David Avenell is thanked for producing the maps. Disclaimer The University of Oxford has taken reasonable care to ensure that the information in this report is correct. However, no warranty, express or implied, is given as to its accuracy and the University of Oxford does not accept any liability for error or omission. The University of Oxford is not responsible for how the information is used, how it is interpreted or what reliance is placed on it. The University of Oxford does not guarantee that the information in this report is fit for any particular purpose and does not accept responsibility for any alteration or manipulation of the report. 2 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 6 Section 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Defining poverty and deprivation ........................................................................................... 8 1.3 The concept of multiple deprivation ...................................................................................... 8 1.4 Data and geography ................................................................................................................ 8 Section 2: Domains and Indicators ....................................................................................................... 10 2.1 An introduction to the domains and indicators .................................................................... 10 Domains ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Material Deprivation Domain ............................................................................................... 11 Purpose of the domain ................................................................................................................. 11 Background ................................................................................................................................... 11 Indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Combining the indicators .............................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Employment Deprivation Domain ........................................................................................ 12 Purpose of the domain ................................................................................................................. 12 Background ................................................................................................................................... 12 Indicator ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Combining the indicators .............................................................................................................. 12 2.4 Health Deprivation Domain .................................................................................................. 13 Purpose of the domain ................................................................................................................. 13 Background ................................................................................................................................... 13 Indicator ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.5 Education Deprivation Domain ............................................................................................. 13 Purpose of the domain ................................................................................................................. 13 Background ................................................................................................................................... 13 Indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Combining the indicators .............................................................................................................. 14 2.6 Services Deprivation Domain ................................................................................................ 14 Purpose of the domain ................................................................................................................. 14 Background ................................................................................................................................... 14 3 Indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Combining the Indicators .............................................................................................................. 15 2.7 Housing Deprivation Domain ................................................................................................ 15 Purpose of the domain ................................................................................................................. 15 Background ................................................................................................................................... 15 Indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Combining the indicators .............................................................................................................. 15 Section 3: Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Consultation .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Constructing the domain indices .......................................................................................... 16 3.3 Standardising and transforming the domain indices ............................................................ 16 3.4 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Section 4: Findings – Namibia ............................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Multiple deprivation ............................................................................................................. 17 4.2 Domains of deprivation at national level .............................................................................. 21 4.3 Domains of deprivation at regional level .............................................................................. 21 4.4 Domains of deprivation at constituency level ...................................................................... 22 Section 5: Findings ‐ Khomas ................................................................................................................ 34 5.1 Focusing on the Khomas Region ........................................................................................... 34 Section 6 Conclusion and policy implications ................................................................................... 45 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 45 Policy implications ............................................................................................................................ 45 Annex 1: Indicators included in the NIMD 2001 ................................................................................... 46 Material Deprivation Domain ........................................................................................................... 46 Employment Deprivation Domain .................................................................................................... 46 Health Deprivation Domain .............................................................................................................. 47 Education Deprivation Domain ........................................................................................................