A Schauder basis for L1(0; 1) consisting of non-negative functions∗ William B. Johnson,y and Gideon Schechtmanz Abstract We construct a Schauder basis for L1 consisting of non-negative functions and investigate unconditionally basic and quasibasic sequences of non-negative functions in Lp. 1 Introduction In [5], Powell and Spaeth investigate non-negative sequences of functions in Lp, 1 ≤ p < 1, that satisfy some kind of basis condition, with a view to determining whether such a sequence can span all of Lp. They prove, for ex- ample, that there is no unconditional basis or even unconditional quasibasis (frame) for Lp consisting of non-negative functions. On the other hand, they prove that there are non-negative quasibases and non-negative M-bases for Lp. The most important question left open by their investigation is whether there is a (Schauder) basis for Lp consisting of non-negative functions. In section 2 we show that there is basis for L1 consisting of non-negative func- tions. In section 3 we discuss the structure of unconditionally basic non-negative normalized sequences in Lp. The main result is that such a sequence is equivalent to the unit vector basis of `p. We also prove that the closed span ∗ 2010 AMS subject classification: 46B03, 46B15, 46E30. Key words: Lp, Schauder basis ySupported in part by NSF DMS-1301604 and the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foun- dation zSupported in part by the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation. Participant, NSF Workshop in Analysis and Probability, Texas A&M University 1 in Lp of any unconditional quasibasic sequence embeds isomorphically into `p. We use standard Banach space theory, as can be found in [4] or [1]. Let us just mention that Lp is Lp(0; 1), but inasmuch as this space is isometrically isomorphic under an order preserving operator to Lp(µ) for any separable purely non-atomic measure µ, our choice of L(0; 1) rather than e.g. Lp(0; 1) is a matter of convenience. Again as a matter of convenience, in the last part of Section 3 we revert to using Lp(0; 1) as a model for Lp. 2 A Schauder basis for L1(0; 1) consisting of non-negative functions j 1 2n For j = 1; 2;::: let fhn;ign=0;i=1 be the mean zero L1 normalized Haar func- tions on the interval (j − 1; j). That is, for n = 0; 1;::: , i = 1; 2;:::; 2n, 8 n 2i−2 2i−1 2 j − 1 + 2n+1 < t < j − 1 + 2n+1 j < n 2i−1 2i hn;i(t) = −2 j − 1 + 2n+1 < t < j − 1 + 2n+1 : 0 otherwise j 1 2n 1 The system fhn;ign=0;i=1;j=1, in any order which preserves the lexicographic j 1 2n order of fhn;ign=0;i=1 for each j, constitutes a basis for the subspace of L1(0; 1) consisting of all functions whose restriction to each interval (j−1; j) j 1 have mean zero. To simplify notation, for each j we shall denote by fhi gi=1 j 1 2n the system fhn;ign=0;i=1 in its lexicographic order. We shall also denote by 1 j 1 fhigi=1 the union of the systems fhi gi=1, j = 1; 2;::: , in any order that j 1 respects the individual orders of each of the fhi gi=1. Let π be any permutation of the natural numbers and for each i 2 N let Fi be the two dimensional space spanned by 21(π(i)−1,π(i)) + jhij and hi. P1 L1 1 Proposition 1 i=1 Fi is an FDD of span fFigi=1. Proof: The assertion will follow from the following inequality, which holds 1 1 for all scalars faigi=1 and fbigi=1, 1 P1 1 P1 P1 P1 2 i=1 jaij + 8 k i=1 bihik ≤ k i=1 ai(21(π(i)−1,π(i)) + jhij) + i=1 bihik P1 P1 ≤ 3 i=1 jaij + k i=1 bihik: (1) 2 The right inequality in (1) follows easily from the triangle inequality. As for the left inequality, notice that the conditional expectation projection onto the 1 closed span of f1(i−1;i)gi=1 is of norm one and the complementary projection, 1 onto the closed span of fhigi=1, is of norm 2. It follows that 1 1 1 1 X X X 1 X k a (21 ) + b h k ≥ maxf2 ja j; k b h kg: i (π(i)−1,π(i)) i i i 2 i i i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 P1 P1 Since k i=1 aijhijk ≤ i=1 jaij, we get 1 1 1 1 X X X 1 X k a (21 + jh j) + b h k ≥ maxf ja j; k b h kg i (π(i)−1,π(i)) i i i i 4 i i i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 from which the left hand side inequality in (1) follows easily. Proposition 2 Let π be any permutation of the natural numbers and for each i 2 N let Fi be the two dimensional space spanned by 21(π(i)−1,π(i)) + L1 1 jhij and hi. Then span fFigi=1 admits a basis consisting of non-negative functions. Proof: In view of Proposition 1 it is enough to show that each Fi has a two term basis consisting of non-negative functions and with uniform basis constant. Put xi = 21(π(i)−1,π(i)) + jhij + hi and yi = 21(π(i)−1,π(i)) + jhij − hi. Then clearly xi; yi ≥ 0 everywhere and kxik = kyik = 3. We now distinguish two cases: If 1(π(i)−1,π(i)) is disjoint from the support of hi then, for all scalars a; b, kaxi + byik ≥ ka(jhij + hi) + b(jhij − hi)k = jaj + jbj: −s If the support of hi is included in (π(i) − 1; π(i)), Let 2 be the size of that support, s ≥ 0. Then for all scalars a; b, kaxi + byik ≥ ka(jhij + hi) + b(jhij − hi) + 2(a + b)1supp(hi)k = 2−s−1(j(2s+1 + 2)a + 2bj + j(2s+1 + 2)b + 2aj ≥ maxfjaj; jbjg: Theorem 1 L1(0; 1), and consequently any separable L1 space, admits a Schauder basis consisting of non-negative functions. 3 Proof: When choosing the order on fhig we can and shall assume that 1 h1 = h0;1; i.e., the first mean zero Haar function on the interval (0; 1). Let π j be any permutation of N such that π(1) = 1 and for i > 1, if hi = hn;k for some n; k; and j then π(i) > j. It follows that except for i = 1 the support of hi is disjoint from the interval (π(i) − 1; π(i)). It is easy to see that such P1 a permutation exists. We shall show that under these assumptions i=1 Fi spans L1(0; 1) and, in view of Proposition 2, this will prove the theorem for L1(0; 1). First, since π(1) = 1 we get that 31(0;1) = 21(π(1)−1,π(1)) +jh1j 2 F1, P1 and since all the mean zero Haar functions on (0; 1) are clearly in i=1 Fi, P1 we get that L1(0; 1) ⊂ i=1 Fi. P1 Assume by induction that L1(0; j) ⊂ i=1 Fi. Let l be such that π(l) = j+1. By our assumption on π, the support of hl is included in (0; j), and so by P1 P1 the induction hypothesis, jhlj 2 i=1 Fi. Since also 21(j;j+1) + jhlj 2 i=1 Fi P1 we get that 1(j;j+1) 2 i=1 Fi. Since the mean zero Haar functions on (j; j+1) P1 P1 are also in i=1 Fi we conclude that L1(0; j + 1) ⊂ i=1 Fi. This finishes the proof for L1(0; 1). Since every separable L1 space is or- k L k der isometric to one of the spaces `1, k = 1; 2;::: , `1;L1(0; 1), L1(0; 1) 1 `1, L k k = 1; 2;:::; or L1(0; 1) 1 `1, and since the discrete L1 spaces `1, k = 1; 2;:::; and `1 clearly have non-negative bases, we get the conclusion for any separable L1 space. 3 Unconditional non-negative sequences in Lp Here we prove 1 Theorem 2 Suppose that fxngn=1 is a normalized unconditionally basic se- 1 quence of non-negative functions in Lp, 1 ≤ p < 1. Then fxngn=1 is equiv- alent to the unit vector basis of `p. Proof: First we give a sketch of the proof, which should be enough for ex- perts in Banach space theory. By unconditionality, we have for all coefficients P P 2 2 1=2 an that k anxnkp is equivalent to the square function k( janj xn) kp, n P n and, by non-negativity of xn, is also equivalent to k n janjxnkp. Thus by trivial interpolation when 1 ≤ p ≤ 2, and by extrapolation when 2 < p < 1, P P p p 1=p P p 1=p we see that k n anxnkp is equivalent to k( n janj xn) kp = ( n janj ) . We now give a formal argument for the benefit of readers who are not familiar with the background we assumed when giving the sketch. Let K be 4 1 the unconditional constant of fxngn=1.