Durham E-Theses Ottaviano Petrucci's Lamentationum liber primus and liber secundus (1506/1 and 1506/2); a bibliographical) contextual and analytical study Scott, Peter James David How to cite: Scott, Peter James David (2004) Ottaviano Petrucci's Lamentationum liber primus and liber secundus (1506/1 and 1506/2); a bibliographical) contextual and analytical study, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2828/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 ABSTRACT Peter James David Scott Ottaviano Petrucci's Lamentationum liber primus and liber secundus (1506/1 and 1506/2); a bibliographical, contextual and analytical study This thesis examines the context, manufacture and content of the Italian printer Ottaviano de Petrucci's two Lamentation volumes of 1506. It addresses issues such as Petrucci's initial decision to dedicate a print series to Lamentations, as well as his production methods and commercial considerations. This thesis offers an explanation for the seemingly disparate assortment of composers, together with a discussion concerning the non-Lamentation texts; chapter 5 argues that these texts were central to the commercial viability and success of the prints, intended, as they undoubtedly were, for the Italian laudesi. Such interest partly explains the simple musical style of the laude contained in 1506/I5 that print having the distinction of being the only Petrucci print to contain two-part sacred polyphony. Computer software enabled microscopic analysis of the print elements in the extant copies, resulting in a surprisingly large number of variants, errors and stop-press corrections. They indicate disruption to the printing process and probably contributed to the publication date of 1506/1, being as late as the Wednesday in Holy Week that year. There are three principal findings in this thesis: first, the two-part Trecento setting of 'Aleph' in the manuscript Vicenza, Seminario Vescovile, MS U.VIII.3, and the anonymous Lamentations in Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria, MS 2931, support the notion that polyphonic Lamentations existed in Italy from the fourteenth century, suggesting a diverse and widespread tradition. Musicologists have previously considered the settings of Johannes de Quadris as being the earliest complete extant liturgical or para-liturgical Lamentations; those in Bu 2931 are somewhat earlier. Second, the printing disruption suggested by the variants and errors is supported by the watermark evidence. Third, the discovery of an independent version of Marbrianus de Orto's Lamentations in the manuscript Cape Town, Grey, 3.b.i2, shows the monastic enthusiasm for the embellishment of Holy Week music during the fifteenth century. Ottaviano Petrucci's Lamentationum liber primus and liber secundus (1506/1 and 1506/2); a bibliographical^ contextual and analytical study Peter James David Scott Doctor of Philosophy Thesis University of Durham Department of Music 2004 A copyright ot this thesis rests nith the author. No quotation from it should tjo published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should he acknowledged. CONTENTS Preface vm Editorial policy ix Acknowledgements X Abbreviations xiii Manuscript sigla xiv Print sigla xvi I HISTORICAL AND LITERATURE REVIEW HISTORICAL REVIEW I.I A brief introduction to 1506^1 and 1506/2 2 1.2 The liturgical context of pre-1506 Lamentations 5 1-3 Lamentation settings pre-1506 9 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.4 Pre-1506 Lamentations 20 1-5 Text sources of 1506/1 and 1506/2 21 .6 1506/1 and 1506/2 composers and their musical style 22 •7 Bibliographical issues: Paper and watermark studies 26 .8 Bibliographical issues: Print production and Petrucci 27 •9 Bibliographical issues: Print viabihty and commercial issues 30 1.10 Manuscript sources of 1506/1 and 1506/2 34 TEXTS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE IN 1506/1 AND 150 6/2 2.1 Lamentation texts 39 2.2 Textual content in pre-1506 sources 41 2.3 Laude and miscellaneous texts 46 2.4 Conclusion 56 3 MUSICAL STYLE IN 1506/1 AND 1506/2 3.1 The Lamentations 59 3.2 Laude and miscellaneous music in 1506/1 83 3.3 The canticles 'Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel' in 1506/2 90 3.4 Conclusion 96 4 A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL PROFILE 1 Physical description of extant copies of 1506/1 and 1506/2 99 2 Introduction to paper issues 104 3 Watermarks in 1506/1 and 1506/2 105 4 The implications of'twin'watermarks 111 5 Introduction to production process, layout and presentation in 1506/1 and 1506/2 116 6 The notion of print perfection 117 7 Standing type: Stave-sets 118 8 Type availabihty and the use of matrices 126 9 Standing type: Part names 127 10 Decorated capital letters 136 11 Use of page headers ^ I39 12 Text underlay 140 13 Stop-press variations and errors 149 14 Conclusion I59 Ill 5 COMMERCIAL VIABILITY AND COMPOSER CHOICE 5.1 Commercial considerations in respect of 1506/1 and 1506/2 163 5.2 Commercial influences affecting the production of 1506/1 and 1506/2 173 5.3 Composer choice and influence 180 5.4 Conclusion 184 SOURCES 6.1 Introduction to sources 186 6.2 Manuscript concordances: Mid- to late fifteenth century 187 6.3 Summary of mid- to late fifteenth-century manuscripts containing concordances of 1506^1 and 1506/2 193 6.4 Manuscript concordances: Early sixteenth century 197 6.5 Summary of early sixteenth-century manuscripts containing concordances of 1506/1 and 1506/2 203 6.6 Print concordances 204 6.7 Summary of prints containing concordances of 1506/1 and 1506/2 207 6.8 Readings 209 6.9 Conclusion 213 7 CONCLUSION 7.1 Conclusion 215 APPENDIC ES 1 A comparative edition of Lamentation X 220 2 Texts set in 1506/1 and 1506/2 226 3 A comparative edition of de Orto's Lamentations in CapePL 3.b.i2 and 1506/1 236 4 'Adoramus te Domine Jesu Christe', 1506/1 (Anon., fol. 2"^) 243 5 'Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel', 1506/2 (Anon., fols 50^-51'') 245 6 Examples of decorated capitals used in 1506/1 and 1506/2 248 7 A summary of Passiontide texts in Capetown Grey 251 8 Critical commentary of unpublished concordances of 1506/1 and 1506/2 254 BIBLIOGRAPHY 8.1 Primary material: Manuscripts 264 8.2 Primary material: Prints 265 8.3 Secondary material; Printed resources 266 8.4 Secondary material: Internet resources 297 IV TABLES Table i .01 Contents, clefs, texts and modem editions of 1506/1 3 Table i .02 Contents, clefs, texts and modern editions of 1506/2 4 Table i .03 Chronological table of polyphony Lamentation settings considered as pre-1506 14 Table 2.01 Lamentation chapters and verses used in 1506/1 and 1506/2 39 Table 2.02 Polyphonic Lamentation verses found in a selection of pre-1506 Italian manuscripts 42 Table 2.03 Polyphonic Lamentation verses found in a selection of pre-1506 Spanish manuscripts 43 Table 2.04 Text variations in sources of de Quadris's Lamentations 44 Table 2.05 Provenance of miscellaneous texts in 1506^1 and 1506/2 46 Table 3.01 Mensurations in the 1506 Lamentations 72 Table 3.02 Phrase structure in Marbrianus de Orto's Lamentations [1506/1 and Cape Town 3.b.i2] 77 Table 3.03 Mensurations in the non-Lamentation settings in 1506^1 and 1506/2 90 Table 4.01 Distribution of marks in 1506/1 and 1506/2 no Table 4.02 Distribution of main and twin watermarks in 1506/1 and 1506/2 114 Table 4.03 Elements involved in twin impression imposition 118 Table 4.04 Pattern of identifiable stave-sets in 1506/1, Bologna copy 121 Table 4.05 Stave-set groups in 1506/1 121 Table 4.06 Pattern of identifiable stave-sets in 1506/2, Bologna copy 125 Table 4.07 Stave-set groups in 1506/2 125 Table 4.08 Pattern of part names for 'Tenor' in 1506/2 129 Table 4.09 Decorated capitals in 1506/1 137 Table 4.10 Decorated capitals in 1506/2 137 Table 4.11 Variations and errors in 1506^1 150 Table 4.12 Analysis of variants found in formes 1-2 and 3-4 in 1506/1 154 Table 4.13 Variations and errors in 1506/2 157 Table 5.01 Calculations equating Italian wages with book prices 168 Table 5.02 Printer's inventory from Spain 170 Table 5.03 Music print inventory from Spain 171 Table 5.04 Petrucci's Venetian and earlier Fossombrone publications within the context of Ash Wednesday, 'Spy' Wednesday and Easter 178 Table 6.01 Manuscript concordances of 1506/1 186 Table 6.02 Manuscript concordances of 1506/2 187 Table 6.03 Manuscript concordances of laude in 1506/1 188 Table 6.04 Print concordances of laude in 1506/1 205 MUSICAL EXAMPLES Example 3.01 Roman Lamentation tone 59 Example 3.02 Lamentations (de Quadris) 60 Example 3.03 Lamentations (Tromboncino) 60 Example 3.04 Lamentations (Tromboncino) 60 Example 3-05 Lamentations (Weerbeke) 61 Example 3.06 Lamentations (Lapicida) 61 Example 3.07 Lamentations (Lapicida) 61 Example 3.08 Lamentations (Anon., ParisBNC 967; Tenor) 62 Example 3.09 Lamentations (Anon., ParisBNC 967; Tenor) 62 Example 3.10 Lamentations (de Orto; Tenor) 62 Example 3.11 Lamentations (de Orto; Tenor) 62 Example 3.12 Lamentations (Ycart; Tenor) 62 Example 313 Lamentations (de Orto; CapePL 3.b.