Quantitative palinspastic tectonic reconstruction of northwestern South America and Caribbean since Late Cretaceous times Presented by: Andrés Felipe Rodríguez Corcho In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Undergraduate Thesis is Geosciences Department of Geosciences Universidad de los Andes May 6, 2016 Quantitative palinspastic tectonic reconstruction of northwestern South America and Caribbean since Late Cretaceous times -------------------------------------- Student -------------------------------------- Advisor Universidad de los Andes Sciences Faculty Department de Geosciences May of 2016 Contents Introduction: ............................................................................................................. 1 Methods:.................................................................................................................. 2 Regional Geological Setting: ................................................................................... 3 Caribbean Plate: .................................................................................................. 4 Caribbean plate displacement: ............................................................................. 5 Mantle structure evidence: ................................................................................... 6 Caribeana: ........................................................................................................... 7 Central America (Chortis, Siuna, Panama Blocks): .............................................. 7 Cayman Trough: ................................................................................................ 10 Great Arc of the Caribbean: ............................................................................... 10 Aves Ridge, Lesser Antilles and Eastern Caribbean Basins: ............................. 10 Cuba and Hispaniola: ......................................................................................... 11 An Intraoceanic Arc: ........................................................................................... 12 Leeward Antilles and Venezuela sedimentary basins: ....................................... 12 Guajira and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta: ...................................................... 13 Western Cordillera, Ecuadorian Andes and Tumaco Fore-Arc: ......................... 17 Central Cordillera, Arquía and Quebradagrande complexes: ............................. 19 Eastern Cordillera: ............................................................................................. 19 Piercing Points: ..................................................................................................... 24 Eocene times (~50 Ma): ..................................................................................... 24 Early Miocene (~21 Ma): .................................................................................... 25 Middle Miocene (15-13 Ma): .............................................................................. 25 Tectonic reconstruction of Andean blocks: ............................................................ 27 Tectonic Reconstruction and Discussion: .............................................................. 30 Caribbean plate and related blocks: ................................................................... 30 Caribbean plate geometry and tectonic interactions: ............................... 30 Caribbean plate interior: ........................................................................... 31 CV Intra-Oceanic arc, Oblique Collision and subduction flip related events: ...... 31 i Collision of CV intra-oceanic arc and fore-arc basin opening: .................. 33 Tectonic predictions: ................................................................................ 35 Propagation of deformation: ..................................................................... 35 Modeled depositional events: ................................................................... 37 Central Cordillera and Cretaceous metamorphosed passive margin sequences: ........................................................................................................................... 37 Quebradagrande: ..................................................................................... 38 Continuity of Colombian Andes and Colombian Massifts: ........................ 38 Caribeana and Greater Antilles: ......................................................................... 38 Central America blocks: ........................................................................... 39 Panama arc block:.................................................................................... 40 Sediment accumulation along Caribbean trailing edge: ........................... 42 Western South America deformation front: ........................................................ 43 Magdalena Valley basin: .......................................................................... 44 Eastern Cordillera:.................................................................................... 45 Conclusions: .......................................................................................................... 46 Acknowledgments: ................................................................................................ 47 References: ........................................................................................................... 48 Appendix 1. Supplementary Data: ......................................................................... 55 ii Abstract: A quantitative kinematic model of northwestern Andes and Caribbean for the last 90 Ma illustrates how diachronous collision of Cabo de la Vela (CV) intra-oceanic arc triggers dextral transpressional deformation and extensive block rotation along the entire South America margin. Main implications of the reconstructed kinematics allow to constrain a ~65 Ma timing for subduction initiation of Caribbean plate beneath South America plate, and a gradual slab flattening process initiated since middle Eocene times (~47 Ma). Orogenic collapse of CV intra-oceanic arc and subduction flip process developed for Caribbean plate is interpreted to start at least since ~65 Ma in conjunction with subduction initiation. In addition, gradual orthogonalization of Caribbean plate slab starts at ~54 Ma, evolves in conjunction with Eocene ephemeral magmatism until ~47 Ma, and ends with Caribbean plate and Bahamas platform collision at ~45 Ma. Reconstructed geometry of Caribbean plate allows to infer an inner strike-slip lateral motion that evolves since ~79 Ma, and is prolonged to the east since ~58 Ma defining a displacement of > 700 km. The boundary established by this strike-slip motion segments completely Caribbean plate from Cuban segment at ~49 Ma, controls the opening of Cayman Trough pull- apart basin, and evolves progressively to the east until the end of the reconstruction, defining a final lateral displacement of ~1000 km. iii Introduction: The tectonic setting of northwestern South America and Caribbean is defined by the interaction of multiple tectonic plates: Caribbean, Atlantic, proto-Caribbean, Farallon (Cocos and Nazca), and South America. These interactions have controlled the regional tectonics, and paleogeography in the last 90 Ma. The understanding of these regional tectonics requires the integration of all the geological data in a consistent temporal, and kinematic context. However, this presents a complex scenario because part of data is diffuse, contradictory or is not available. In the Andes, events include the accretion of allochthonous terrains (Cardona et al., 2012; Weber et al., 2010), and the development of traspressional systems (Montes et al., 2003). In Caribbean, events include the evolution and closure of the Panama Isthmus (Montes et al., 2012), and the still contentious displacement of the Caribbean plate (Acton et al., 2000; Boschman et al., 2014; James, 2009; Pindell & Kennan, 2001) due to its incomplete record of magnetic anomalies (Ghosh et al., 1984). Kinematic tectonic reconstructions are a powerful tool to constrain geological data. These allow us to evaluate the spatial/temporal coherence of different geological elements, and can be used to establish predictions where there is no available data. This is achieved using plate motion circuits, based in spreading-rate calculations from oceanic magnetic anomalies (Müller, Sdrolias, Gaina, & Roest, 2008), and using hotspot absolute reference frames (Doubrovine et al., 2012; O’Neill et al., 2005; Torsvik et al., 2008). In this project, I present a palinspastic quntitative plate tectonic model that shows the evolution of Colombian Andes, and a part of Caribbean for the last 90 Ma, using the same absolute reference frame integrated by the EarthByte Group (Müller et al., 2008; O’Neill et al., 2005). This model honors all the data from available kinematic markers and regional piercing points (Bayona et al., 2008, 2012, 2013; García- Casco et al., 2008; Jiménez et al., 2014; Lamus Ochoa et al., 2013; Montes et al., 2005; Montes et al., 2003; Mora et al., 2006, 2010; Parra et al., 2009; Priem H.N.A et al., 1986; van Benthem et al., 2013; Zapata et al., 2014). This model follows Montes et al., 2010a kinematic where three main continental blocks were established: Maracaibo, Central Cordillera, and Eastern Cordillera blocks. This work is refined by updating the cartographic database, by using state-of-the-art tools such as GPlates (EarthByte group), and by using a technique