James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Fall 2013 The integration of 18th and 19th century subsistence farming practices into the planning and x-zoning laws of the city and county of Baltimore Clayton A. Hayes James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Hayes, Clayton A., "The integration of 18th and 19th century subsistence farming practices into the planning and x-zoning laws of the city and county of Baltimore" (2013). Masters Theses. 231. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/231 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Integration of 18th and 19th Century Subsistence Farming Practices into the Planning and Zoning Laws of the City and County of Baltimore Clayton Hayes A Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science ISAT MALTA December, 2013 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the University of Malta and James Madison University for providing me the opportunity to earn a collaborative International Master’s Degree in ISAT and SERM. To all of my professors and administrators, thank you for providing me the knowledge applicable to my dissertation/thesis as well as future endeavors. To my advisors, Dr. Wayne Teel and Dr. Elisabeth Conrad, I am appreciative for your assistance and suggestions throughout the process. Additionally, I would like to thank the 11 classmates of the fourth cohort of the International Master’s Program for all of their support, encouragement, advice, and knowledge. To my friends and family, thank you – especially to Megan Hartwig Hayes and Nancy Hayes for listening to me, encouraging me, and helping me with the editing process. Finally, I would like to thank the GIS Departments of the City and County of Baltimore for providing the GIS data utilized in this paper. i Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i Table of Figures .................................................................................................................. v Table of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 3 Local Food Systems ........................................................................................................ 4 18th and 19th Century Subsistence Farming Practices ..................................................... 5 Agriculture and Land Use Planning ................................................................................ 7 Industrial Agriculture. ................................................................................................. 8 Land Use Planning....................................................................................................... 9 A Brief History of Agriculture within the United States. .......................................... 11 Current Planning and Zoning Law Trends for Agriculture. ...................................... 18 Urban Agriculture ......................................................................................................... 22 A Brief History of Urban Agriculture in the United States. ...................................... 23 Urban Farming Varieties. .......................................................................................... 24 Energy Values and Nutrient Content of Crops.............................................................. 28 Political Threats to Local Farming Systems ................................................................. 30 ii Study Areas: City of Baltimore and Baltimore County ................................................ 32 Baltimore City. .......................................................................................................... 37 Baltimore County. ..................................................................................................... 43 Study Areas Growth Trends. ..................................................................................... 47 III. Methodology ............................................................................................................... 59 Determination of Subsistence Farming Practices.......................................................... 59 Cultivated Acreage Needed to Feed Study Areas’ Populations .................................... 59 Total Kilocalories. ..................................................................................................... 60 Calories per Acre. ...................................................................................................... 62 Acreage Available for Local Food System ................................................................... 64 Crop Selection ............................................................................................................... 72 GIS Visualization .......................................................................................................... 78 IV. Results......................................................................................................................... 78 Subsistence Farming Practices ...................................................................................... 78 Acreage to Feed Study Areas ........................................................................................ 79 Total Kilocalories. ..................................................................................................... 80 Calories per Cultivated Acre. .................................................................................... 81 Acreage Available for Local Food System ................................................................... 82 Crop Selection ............................................................................................................... 84 V. Discussion .................................................................................................................... 90 iii Subsistence Farming Practices ...................................................................................... 90 Cultivation of Crops. ................................................................................................. 90 Animal Husbandry. .................................................................................................... 93 Composting Manure and Green Waste. ..................................................................... 95 Food Preservation and Local Processing. .................................................................. 97 Resource Sharing. ...................................................................................................... 98 Crop Selection ............................................................................................................. 100 Crop Cover Placement. ............................................................................................ 101 Health Benefits. ....................................................................................................... 106 Environmental Benefits. .......................................................................................... 108 Cultivation of the Study Areas .................................................................................... 111 Additional Acreage. ................................................................................................. 111 Implementing Changes for Local Food System. ..................................................... 117 VI. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 118 VII. Appendix A ............................................................................................................. 121 VIII. Appendix B ............................................................................................................ 127 References ....................................................................................................................... 133 iv Table of Figures Figure 1: Farm value-added products and share of GDP, 1869 – 2006 ............................ 11 Figure 2: National income share by sector, 1929 – 2007 ................................................. 12 Figure 3: Aggregate Agricultural Output and Input Quantity Trends, 1880 – 2004 ........ 13 Figure 4: U.S. Population Trends, 1869 – 2006 ............................................................... 14 Figure 5: U.S. Farm Acres, Farm Numbers, and Average Farm Size, 1850 – 2006 ........ 15 Figure