INDEX A Aham, 19 Abjajananda, Swami, 98, 118 Akarshana, 74 Absolute, 16, 19–21, 30, 35, 49, 51, Akasha, 18 54, 57, 62 Akhyana, 139 Absolute authority, 51 Akshayachaitanya, Brahmachari, Activists, 6 103, 105 Adaptations, 4 Akula, 73 Adiguru, 84, 125 All-pervasive, 63 Adivasis, 87 Alterity/alterities, 2, 8, 36, 79, Advaita, 21 129, 132 Advaita Ashram at Mayavati, 100 Alternative imaginary of Advaita Vedanta, 32, 36, 51, 54, 59, masculinity, 126 95, 110, 133 Alternative masculinity, 127, 129, 147 Advaita Vedantist, 31 Alternative tradition, 2, 7, 8, Advaitic, 50 70–72, 77, 78 Advaitin, 32 Amaruka, 31 Advaitin/non-dualist, 100, 115 Ambhrini, 15–17, 19, 35 Advaya-siddhi, 87 Ambhrini Vak, 118 Adya Ma, 134 Ananda, 55, 58, 111, 113 Adyapeeth, 134 Ananda Bhairava, 78 Adya Stava (the Hymn to Adya), 135 Ananda Bhairavi, 78, 79 Aggressive, 129, 132, 145 Anandamayi Ma, 34, 93–119 Aggressivity, 9, 34 Anandmurti Gurumaa, 118 Agni, 17 Anasuya, 80 © The Author(s) 2020 157 A. Mukhopadhyay, The Authority of Female Speech in Indian Goddess Traditions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52455-5 158 INDEX Anatita [Ma Anandamayi’s Autonomy, 137 speech], 112 Avataric, 32 Anderson, Carol S., 106 Avatars/avataras, 93, 96–98, 101, Androcentric, 14, 15, 23, 24 103, 107, 109 Androcentric mythopoesis, 153 Avatars of Vishnu, 143 Androcentrism, 2, 6, 133 Androcratic, 14, 28 Androgynous, 97 B Androgyny, 132 “Baba” (Father), 104 Annadamangala, 83, 132 “Baby-husband” (McDaniel, Annapurna, 83 June), 93, 132 Annapurna Upanishad, 20 Balananda Brahmachari, 85, 111 Anthropocratic, 31 Balkaran, Raj, 43 Anti-feminist, 151 Bama Khyapa, 88, 123, 125 Anti-sexist men, 152 Banaras Hindu University, 109 Aporetic, 32 Bandyopadhyay, Appropriation, 13, 14, 21, 29 Bibhutibhushan, 127–129 Archanapuri Ma, 88 Basu Mishra, Kana, 106 Archetypal, 99 Bel tree, 27 Arrogance, 124, 140, 141, 143–145 Belur Math, 100, 107 Ashanta (sayings of Ma Bengal, Bengali, 77, 83, 85, Anandamayi), 114 90, 98, 100, 106, 114, Ashvalayana, 19, 20 115, 125, 127–137, Ashwapaty, 65 139–141, 146, 147 Assam, 147 Bengali literature, 139, 147 Atisha Dipankara Srijnana, 126 Bengali man, 129, 147 Atita [Ma Anandamayi’s speech], 112 Bengali Shaktism, 74, 77, 78 Atmaprana, Pravrajika, 133, 134 Bengali society, 137, 147 Atmasthananda, Swami, 97, 100, Bengali women, 137 118, 133 Bhadralok, 131 Atonement, 137 Bhairava, 73, 75, 79 Atri, 80 Bhairavi (guru of Ramakrishna Auditor, 46 Paramahamsa), 73, 97 Aunt Preema, 132 Bhairavi Kanchanbala, 88 Authoritative, 41, 48, 49, 52, 53, 60 Bhairavis, 130 Authoritative female speech, 2, 3, 5, 6, Bhajanananda, Swami, 104 8, 9, 13–36 Bhaktas, 108 Authoritative speech, 70, 72, 86, Bhakti, 56, 63 89, 90, 153 Bharadwaj, Nachiketa, 107 Authority, 14–16, 18–22, 25–28, 30, Bharatchandra, 83 31, 34–36, 41–67 Bhartrihari, 41, 44 Autoethnography, 8 Bhattacharyya, Sibajiban, 41, 42, 45 INDEX 159 Bholanath (husband and disciple of Candamaharoshana-tantra, 72 Anandamayi Ma), 109, 132 Casteism, 130 Bhrigu, 139–146 Cavarero, Adriana, 4, 13, 16, 153 Bhuvaneshvari, 24 Chakrabarti, Arindam, 45, 47, 48, 118 Biernacki, Loriliai, 3, 28, 30, 70–72, Chakrabarti, Partha Pratim, 137–139 75, 76, 83, 88, 93, 94, 97, 123, Chakrabarty, Ishwar Chandra, 105 126–128, 131, 141, 142 Chandal, 130 Birbhum, 127 Chandi (Goddess), 43, 44 Bodhana, 27 Charpentier, Marie-Therese, 96, 101, Bose, Mandakranta, 14, 16–18, 30 110, 117, 118 Brahma, 20, 22, 26, 27, 32, 48–50, Chattopadhyay, Pramodkumar, 89, 57, 58, 61, 72, 73, 78, 81, 82, 125, 129–132 139, 140, 144, 145 Chattopadhyay, Taraprasad, 111 Brahmacharinis, 107 Chaudhuri, Narayan, 114 Brahmacharis, 98 Chit, 58 Brahmacharya, 107 Christ, Carol, 153, 155 Brahmaloka, 32 Colonial Bengal, 105 Brahman, 17–20, 54, 57, 59, 62, 63, “Communicative speech acts” 78, 79, 81, 84, 95 (Hornsby, Jennifer), 15 Brahmananda Giri, 123 Cosmic form, 44, 55, 62 Brahmavidya, 18, 79, 138 Counsellor, 118 Brahmin, 130, 139, 143, 144 Creaters (Frankenberg and Mani), 35 Brahminical, 64, 66, 78, 94, 130 Creation, 17, 23, 26, 73, 74, 82, 85 Brahminocracy, 64, 116, 130, Creatrix, 16, 35, 50, 81, 142 139, 143 Cultural materialism, 29 Brahminocratic, 130, 139, 144 Cultural materialist, 4, 5 Brannigan, John, 29 Brihaddharma Purana, 27, 72, 77, 78 Brihannila Tantra, 72, 75, 126 D Brihaspati, 80 Dakinis, 87 Brown, Cheever Mackenzie, 13, 16, Daksha, 57, 77, 78 18, 21, 25, 26, 34, 44, 51, 56, Dakshinakali, 74, 125 58, 60, 64, 66 Dakshineshwar, 134 Buddhism, 126 Darsana, 44 Buddhist, 28 Das, Mukti Chaitanya, 43, 44 Buddhist tantra, 69, 82, 87 Dattatreya, 21, 53 Bull, Sara, 133, 134 Daughters of Sarasvati (documentary film by Anway Mukhopadhyay), 109 C Death, 52, 65 Calcutta, 100 Deconstructivist, 26 California, 132 Dehumanization, 107 160 INDEX Demigoddess, 127 Dialogized, 4 Demons, 17, 24, 33, 34 Dialogue, 153, 154 Demon-slayer, 96 Dialogue-inspirer, 131 Destroyer, 43, 50 Diksha, 108 Devi, 14–21, 25–28, 30, 33–36, Diotima, 76 41–67, 72–76, 78–86, 88, 90, 93, Disciples, 94, 95, 97, 99–101, 103, 95–100, 103, 108, 109, 104, 107–110, 117, 118 117–119, 123–126, Disembodied/disembodiedness, 42, 136, 139–146 47–49, 59, 65 Devi (film by Satyajit Ray), 98 Disempowered women, 5 Devi, Ashapurna, 100 Divine, 41–67 Devi Amma, 34, 35, 152 Divine feminine/divine-feminine, 6, 7, Devi-as-authoritative-speaker, 34 46, 101, 104, 105, 109, 151 Devi-as-doer, 34 Divine-feminine authority, 21 Devi as the female guru, 34 Divine-human voice, 96, 117 Devi-as-womansplainer, 124 Divine Mother, 43, 57, 65, 73, 74, 85, Devi Gita, 2, 16, 18, 24–26, 34, 36, 89, 102, 103, 123, 125, 133, 138 41–67, 96, 99, 115–117, 124, Divinity, 96, 110, 117 140–143, 146 Dobia, Brenda, 124, 125 Devi-mahatmya (Chandi), Doer (Devi as), 33 42–44, 81, 94 Dold, Patricia, 70, 77, 78, 82, 88, 89, Devi the demon-slayer, 34 131, 140 Devi Upanishad, 19, 20 Domination, 154, 155 Devi’s speech, 151, 154, 155 Dowry, 107, 136 Devibhagavata, 42, 44, 51, 60, 62–66 Dream vision, 134, 135 Devibhagavata Devi Gita, 95, 96, 100 Duality, 54 Devibhagavata Purana, 13, 18, 26 Durga, 18, 80, 81, 100, 105, 140 Devi-hood, 99, 101 Durgamohan, 110 Devikshetra, 142, 146 Durga Puja, 19, 100, 105 Devi-Sukta/Vak-Sukta/Ambhrini-­ Durvasa, 80, 141 Sukta, 50, 53, 118, 145 Dvaita, 50 Devitirthamaya, 143 Dvaita-centric, 50 Devotees, 25, 32, 33, 93, 95, 97–99, “Dvaita structure of feeling” (Spivak, 103, 105, 106, 108–111, 113, Gayatri), 50 114, 116, 117, 125, 132, 135, 137, 140, 141, 143, 151 Devotion, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60, 61 E Dhaka, 110 Eastern India, 83 Dharma, 57 Eden Gardens, 134, 135 Dhyana mantra, 74, 77 Egalitarianism, 66 Diachronicity, 5 Eight-handed, 47 Dialexis (Rita Sherma), 6 Elokeshi, 89, 130, 131, 146 INDEX 161 Elomelo katha [Ma Anandamayi’s Feminine principle, 33, 53, 133 speech], 113 Feminine voices, 151 Embodied, 45, 48, 55, 63, 65 Femininity, 5, 7, 18, 19, 26, 30, Empowered women, 3, 4 31, 35, 97 Empowerment, 107, 118 Feminism, 6–9, 95, 106, 107, 151–154 Enfleshed, enfleshment, 65 Feminist, 147, 151–155 Enlightener, 43, 49 Feminist discourse, 153, 154 Enlightenment, 42, 46, 52, 53, 56, “Feminist masculinity” (hooks, 58, 65, 66 bell), 154 “Equiphony” (Santa Cruz, Feminist politics, 29 Isabel), 1, 153 Feminist struggles, 7 Erasures, 3 Feminist utterances, 152, 154 Eros, 141 Feminist voice, 154 Esoteric rituals, 76 Fiction, 50, 51, 54, 57, 59, 62 Ethics of listening (Parks, Elizabeth Fictive, 51, 53 S.), 154 Figure of the “Man”, 153 “Ethic of listening” (Parks, Elizabeth Figures (of the Goddess), 4 S.), 97, 119 Flesh-and-blood woman/women, 23, Existing reality, 152 29, 32, 76, 86, 90, 93, 94, 96, 117 Fluidity, 4 Frankenberg, Ruth, 34, 35, 152 F Female authority, 14, 15, 69–90, 129, 131 G Female biology, 94, 95 Gadamerian, 4 Female Buddha, 72, 87 Gambhirananda, Swami, 97–100 Female-centred, 66 Ganesha, 140, 144–146 Female deity, 45, 61, 140 Gauri, 61 Female devotees, 116, 117 Gauri Ma, 97, 106 Female-friendly, 123 Gender, 152, 154 Female guidance, 69–90 Gender debates, 147 Female guru, 21, 23, 28, 34, 93–99, Gendered, 41, 62 103, 107, 108, 114, 117, 118, Gender egalitarianism, 8 125, 137, 147 Gender-transcending, 62, 109 Female silence, 7 Gerua, 133 Female speaker, 41 Girl child, 60, 63 Female speech, 13–36, 152, 155 Gita, 41, 44, 47, 48, 53, 56, 57, 60 Female voices, 13, 19, 22, 25, 33, 36, Global, 2, 6 126, 131, 132, 137, 147 Globally, 152, 153 Feminine, 125, 128, 133, 134, 137, Goddess, 1–8, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49–67, 139, 143, 145–147 124–129, 134–137, 140, Feminine agency, 137, 139 141, 143–147 162 INDEX Goddess as guru, 86 Hegemony, 64 Goddess-as-Speaker, 151 Hemachuda, 22, 23 Goddess-as-Womansplainer, 152, 153 Hemalekha, 22–24 Goddess Bhuvaneshvari, 95 Hetero-patriarchy, 126, 128, 129 Goddess cultures, 2–8 Heterotopias, 2 Goddess Prajna, 87 Hierarchy, 100, 116 Goddess Shodashi, 98 High Court of Allahabad, 114 Goddess spirituality, 137, 151 Himalaya, 20, 24–26, 96, 100, 117 Goddess traditions of India, 114 Himalaya/Himavan (Mountain King), “Goddess Voice” (Wilke, Annette and 45–48, 54–63, 66 Oliver Moebus), 16 Hindi, 141 Goddess-women, 34 Hindu, 94, 96–98, 101, 107, 108, Golap Ma, 97, 105, 108 111, 114 Great God, 54 Hindu culture, 21 Great Goddess, 18, 27, 30, 47, 49, 50, Hindu marriage, 130 54, 55, 61, 71, 84, 85, 93, Hindu men, 130, 147 96–98, 102, 103, 105, 106, 111, Hindu scriptures, 21 125, 135, 140, 143–145 Hindu society, 130, 131 Grihastha, 105 Hindu traditions, 72 Guidance, 45 Hindu Trinity, 139 Gupta, Suman, 88 Hinduism, 70–72, 77, 81 Guru, 43, 44, 46, 62, 73, 75–77, 79, Historic, 29 84–86, 88, 123, 125, 134, History, 3, 4, 7, 23, 24, 28, 29, 33, 136–138, 141–143, 145, 147 36, 70, 78 Guru-hood, 134, 136 Homologization, 9, 26, 83, 134 Guruhood/gurubhava, 103 Hooghly district, 85 Guru-matrika Shakti, 43 hooks, bell, 152, 154, 155 Gurupriya Devi, 116 Horizon, 4, 66, 67, 129, 147 Gurus, 93–119 Hrishikesh, 137 Guru-shakti, 102, 103, 106, 134 Human avatar, 2 Gynocentric, 2, 151 Human mothers, 84, 86 Gynophobia, 133 Humble male listeners, 2, 9 Husband, 132, 133, 142 Hymn, 42, 55, 58, 61 H Hypermasculinity, 8, 125 Hadividya, 24 Hallstrom, Lisa Lassell, 108, 109, 116, 117 I Hasi khela [Ma Anandamayi’s Incomplete masculine (Britt-Marie speech], 113 Schiller), 3, 124, 136, 139, Hegemonic masculinity 142, 145–147 (R.