VTI rapport 559A www.vti.se/publications Published 2006 Noise emission from railway traffic Mikael Ögren Utgivare: Publikation: VTI rapport 559A Utgivningsar:˚ Projektnummer: Dnr: 2006 12547 2005/0574-24 581 95 Link¨oping Projektnamn: Bulleremission fr˚an sp˚arburen trafik Forfattare:¨ Uppdragsgivare: Mikael Ogren¨ VTI Titel: Bulleremission fr˚an sp˚arburen trafik Referat (bakgrund, syfte, metod, resultat) max 200 ord: I Europa ¨onskar man ¨oka andelen gods och personer som transporteras p˚aj¨arnv¨ag i f¨orh˚allande till v¨ag och om det lyckas s˚akommer problemet med buller fr˚an sp˚arburen trafik att ¨oka. Det ¨ar sedan tidigare k¨ant att ˚atg¨arder direkt p˚ak¨allan ¨ar effektivare ¨an indirekta ˚atg¨arder som byggnation av bullersk¨armar eller byte av f¨onsterglas i bost¨ader, ¨aven om dessa ˚atg¨arder ocks˚ahar en viktig funk- tion. Denna rapport ¨ar en litteratur¨oversikt ¨over hur bullret genereras och hur olika ˚atg¨arder vid k¨allan kan minska bulleremissionen. Rapporten beskriver ocks˚akortfattat vilka gr¨ansv¨arden och regler f¨or bulleremissionen som g¨aller nu och kommer att g¨alla den n¨armaste framtiden inom EU. Dessutom diskuteras de ber¨akningsmodeller som anv¨ands f¨or att ber¨akna ljudniv˚an i olika mottagarpositioner (immissionen) utifr˚an de olika sp˚arfordonens emission. Nyckelord: T˚agbuller, bulleremission, buller˚atg¨arder ISSN: Sprak:˚ Antal sidor: 0347–6030 Engelska 37 Publisher: Publication: VTI rapport 559A Published: Project code: Dnr: 2006 12547 2005/0574-24 SE-581 95 Link¨oping Project: Noise emission from railway traffic Author: Sponsor: Mikael Ogren¨ VTI Title: Noise emission from railway traffic Abstract (background, aims, methods, results) max 200 words: European authorities hope to be able to increase the volume of freight and passengers that are trans- ported on railway systems compared to those transported on roads. If that policy is successful the problem of noise from railway traffic will increase. It is known from previous research that measures against the noise are more efficient if applied directly at the source itself rather than using indirect measures such as noise barriers and increased window insulation. This report is a literature survey on how the railway noise is generated, and to what extent different measures at the source can reduce the noise emission. The report also briefly describes what limits and recommendations on noise exposure are enforced now and in the near future. Furthermore the methods used for calculating the noise level at different receiver positions (noise exposure) from the noise emission are discussed. Keywords: Railway noise, noise emission, noise measures ISSN: Language: No. of pages: 0347–6030 English 37 Preface This project started in September 2005, and has been funded by VTI. I appreciate the valuable contributions and comments by Lennart Folkeson (VTI), Ulf Sandberg (VTI), Bertil Hyl´en (VTI), Krister Larsson (SP The Swedish National Testing and Research Institute) and Karin Blidberg (Banverket). G¨oteborg, September, 2006 Mikael Ogren¨ Cover: Gray X40 train, Leif-Erik Nyg˚ards Red noise barrier, VTI/ Hejdl¨osa bilder Quality review Review seminar was carried out on 12 December 2005 where Krister Larsson (SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute) reviewed and commented on the report. Mikael Ogren¨ has made alterations to the final manuscript of the report. The research director of the project manager Lennart Folkeson examined and approved the report for publication on 26 October 2006. Kvalitetsgranskning Granskningsseminarium genomf¨ort den 12 december 2005 d¨ar Krister Larsson (SP Sveriges Provnings- och Forskningsinstitut) var lekt¨or. Mikael Ogren¨ har genomf¨ort justeringar av slutligt rapportmanus. Projektledarens n¨armaste chef Lennart Folkeson har d¨arefter granskat och godk¨ant publikationen f¨or publicering den 26 oktober 2006. Table of contents Listoffigures ....................................... ..................... 5 Listoftables....................................... ...................... 6 Summary ............................................ ................... 7 Sammanfattning..................................... ..................... 9 1 Introduction...................................... .................. 11 1.1 Railwaynoise .................................... .................. 11 1.2 Annoyance and health effects of railway noise ......... .................. 11 1.3 Scopeofthisreport ............................... .................. 13 2 Noisesources...................................... ................ 14 2.1 Rollingnoise.................................... ................... 14 2.2 Wheel/railroughness............................. ................... 17 2.3 Curvesqueal..................................... .................. 19 2.4 Aerodynamicandsecondarysources .................. ................ 19 3 Measures .......................................... ............... 20 3.1 Addressingthesource............................. .................. 20 3.2 Wheel/railmeasures .............................. .................. 20 3.3 Summaryofreductionpotential ..................... .................. 22 4 Determiningrailvehiclenoiseemission ............... .................. 24 4.1 Soundpowerandsoundpressure ...................... ............... 24 4.2 Maximumandequivalentlevel ....................... ................. 24 4.3 ISO3095......................................... ................. 25 4.4 TWINS........................................... ................. 26 5 European limits, targets and calculation methods....... .................. 28 5.1 Noiseemission................................... .................. 28 5.2 Noiseexposure................................... .................. 28 5.3 Standardisedcalculationmethods .................. ................... 29 6 Discussion........................................ ................. 31 6.1 Increasing traffic volumes and noise exposure ......... .................. 31 6.2 Railaccesscharges............................... .................. 31 6.3 Whoisresponsiblefortherollingnoise? ............. ................... 32 Glossary........................................... ..................... 33 References......................................... ..................... 35 List of figures 1.1 Polynomial approximation of percentage of subjects highly annoyed by transportationnoise. ............................... ............... 12 2.1 Sketch of wheel-rail interaction and the track including sleepers and pads. 14 2.2 Power flow from the contact patch that connects wheel and rail........... 14 2.3 Illustration of the effect of wheel rotation on the mechanical waves in the wheel propagating away from the contact patch.. ............ 15 2.4 Typicaltrackstructure. .......................... .................. 16 2.5 Sketch of the mechanical components of the track in the vertical direction. 17 2.6 Examplesofcalculatedmodesonarail................ ............... 17 2.7 Sketch of wheel-rail interaction and the track including sleepers and pads. 18 2.8 Rail roughnessamplitudeandwavelength. ............ ............... 18 3.1 Railgrinding.................................... ................. 21 3.2 Illustration of screens both on the vehicle and close to the track in com- bination........................................... .............. 22 4.1 Noise emission vs. exposure and sound power level Lw vs. sound pres- sure level Lp................................................... .. 24 4.2 Illustration of sources on a train that contribute to the maximum sound pressure level at different distances. ................. ................ 25 4.3 Sound pressure level as a function of time during train passage........... 26 4.4 FlowchartoftheTWINSmodel. ....................... ............ 27 5.1 Illustrationof emissionand exposure............... .................. 28 5.2 Harmonoiseprojectstructure. ..................... ................. 30 List of tables 3.1 Noisereductionpotentialofmeasures. .............. ................. 22 VTI notat 53-2004 Noise emission from railway traffic by Mikael Ogren¨ VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) SE-581 95 Link¨oping Summary European authorities hope to be able to increase the volume of freight and passengers that are transported on railway systems compared to those transported on roads. If that policy is successful the problem of noise from railway traffic will increase. It is know from previous research that measures against the noise are more efficient if applied di- rectly at the source itself rather than using indirect measures such as noise barriers and increased window insulation. This report is a literature survey on how the railway noise is generated, and to what extend different measures at the source can reduce the noise emission. The report also briefly describes what limits and recommendations on noise exposure are enforced now and in the near future. Furthermore the noise propagation methods used for calculating the noise level at different receiver positions (noise expo- sure) from the noise emission are discussed. VTI rapport 559A 7 8 VTI rapport 559A Bulleremission fran˚ sparburen˚ trafik av Mikael Ogren¨ VTI SE-581 95 Sammanfattning B˚ade gods- och persontransporter v¨antas ¨oka inom j¨arnv¨agssektorn. F¨orhoppningen fr˚an det Europeiska j¨arnv¨agsforskningsr˚adet (ERRAC) ¨ar att passagerar- och godsvolymerna skall tredubblas fram till 2020. Om detta besannas kommer problemen med buller fr˚an j¨arnv¨agstrafik att stadigt ¨oka