· /a GARDEN AND FOREST (1888-1897): PART TWO Volume 60 -· Number 3.· 2000 Page 2 Garden and Forest’s Journey to Cyberspace Arnoldia (ISSN 004-2633; USPS 866-100) is LeeEllen Fmedman published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Second-class postage paid at 4 Garden and Forest and "Landscape Art" Boston, Massachusetts. Ethan Carr 6 A View in Central Park (1888~ Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year domestic, 8 The Field of Landscape-art (1897) $25.00 foreign, payable m advance. Single copies of Editomal most issues are the are $5.00; exceptions 58/4-59/1 9 The Squares of Pams (1888) (Metasequoia After Fifty Years) and 54/4 (A Source- Henry S. Codman book Cultmar which are $10 00 Remit- of Names), 10 The Plan of the Columbian Fair Grounds be made m check drawn ( 1892) tances may U.S. dollars, by Editomals on a U.S. bank; by international money order; or 12 The Gardens at Monte Carlo Visa or Mastercard. Send (1891) by orders, remittances, Editonal change-of-address notices, and all other subscription- 14 The of related communications to: Circulation Manager, Necessity Planning (1896) Arnoldia, The Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Charles Ehot Jamaica Plam, Massachusetts 02130-3500. 16 Proposed Plan for Madison Square, New York Telephone 617/524-1718; facsimile 617/524-1418; (1896) e-mail arnoldraC~?arnarb.harvard.edu. M. G. Van Rensselaer ~ correspondents 20 House at Honmoku in Japan ( 1888~ Postmaster: Send address changes to 22 Foreign Plants and American Scenery (1888) Arnoldia Circulation Manager Editomal ~ Fredenck Law Olmsted The Arnold Arboretum 26 Wayside Beauty (1888) 125 Arborway 27 Park-making as a National Art (1897) Jamaica Plam, MA 02130-3500 Editorial 28 Notes from Garden and Forest Karen Madsen, Editor Andy Wmther, Designer 29 The Influence of Garden and Forest on the Development of Horticulture Editonal Committee Mac Gnswold Phyllis Andersen 30 Horticultural Education (1896) Ellen S. Bennett Editomal Robert E. Cook 33 The Effect of Gardening upon the Mind (1891)/ Peter Del Tredici Editomal Gary Koller 33 Various Motives for Gardening (1896) Stephen A Spongberg Editomal Kim E.Tnpp 35 Delights of a Rough Garden (1896) D. H. R. Goodale Copyright © 2001. The President and Fellows of on Vacant Harvard 35 Farming City Lots (1896) College Editorial 36 Sentimentalism and Tree-felling (1893) Covers: Advertisements chosen from issues of Editorial Garden and Forest 37 The Use of Trees and Shrubs with Leaves of Inside front cover: A drawmg of a California cottage Abnormal Colors (1897) Editomal covered by a twelve-year-old Nolsette rose, pubhshed in Garden and Forest (1891) as an example of "the 38 Christmas Green (1888) possibilities of horticulture m that favored region." Editorial 39 Plant Notes. Japanese Ins (1888) Inside back cover: M. Landers’ drawing of an olive 40 New or Little-Known Plants: Xanthoceras tree m the Garden of known as "The Gethsemane, sorbifolia (1893~ Tree of Agony" and popularly believed to exceed 42 Plants on Boston 2,000 years of age. Garden and Forest (1888) charac- Climbing Buildings (1894) Baxter terized it as "a venerable and characteristic specimen Sylvester of a tree which has few rivals m its usefulness to the 44 The Floating Gardens of Mexico (1895) Charles H. Coe human race, while individually it is one of the best known and most mteresting trees m the world." 47 Notes from Garden and Forest Garden and Forest’s Journey to Cyberspace LeeEllen Friedland In March 1888, the first issue of a new periodical, Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art, and Forestry, was received by the Library of Congress for copyright deposit. Every week thereafter, until the journal ceased publication in December 1897, subsequent issues of Garden and Forest were added to the Library’s collection. ince the time of its original publication, digital technology, historical content value, and Garden and Forest has provided readers preservation needs-central to the Library’s at the Library of Congress-and other mission. libraries-a distinctive and invaluable resource. The Library of Congress began to explore the Its pages contain a vast array of materials, from use of digital technology to create reproductions articles on entomology and pomology to advice of historical collection materials in 1990. The on ornamental plant gardening to position state- goal of the early pilot program, called "Ameri- ments on forest conservation policy to summa- can Memory," was to "get the champagne out of ries of retail flower market prices. Every issue is the bottle" in order to share the Library’s trea- generously illustrated with detailed line draw- sures with broader audiences.’ Most of the col- ings, photographs, and landscape plans. The lection materials chosen to be digitized were advertisements on the front and back cover nominated by Library curators, but some project leaves of each issue serve as a guide to commer- ideas arose through other channels. One such cial products and services of the time, including instance was in response to a generous gift from flower pots, seeds and bulbs, tools, glass for Laurance S. and Mary French Rockefeller to greenhouses and graperies, horticultural archi- fund digital collections about subjects of tects, nurseries, and gardeners. There are also longstanding interest to them: President Calvin advertisements for periodicals on agriculture and literature, and even a Pocket Kodak camera appropriate for amateur photogra- phers who might wish to capture "snow-scapes" of "leafless trees and ice-bound streams."" How did Garden and Forest journey from the shelves of the Library of Congress, where it rested safely for a century, to cyberspace, where, in December 1999, it became the first complete serial publication digitized by the Library and released on the Internet? Three intertwining paths formed this journey and rep- resented a confluence of issues- Entrance to the Arnold Arboretum 3 Coolidge and his times and the history of the provide another option for creating surrogates conservation movement in the United States.2 of original materials that might be damaged As work got underway on the digital collec- if used by readers. Garden and Forest was tion to be called "The Evolution of the Conser- chosen as the first project for this new approach, vation Movement, 1850-1920," Library staff and since standard procedure in preservation were confronted with an embarrassment of reformatting-with older technologies such as riches. The Library of Congress has outstanding microfilm as well as new digital technologies- collections in the history of science, especially is to capture the complete work, there was no covering eighteenth- and nineteenth-century question that every volume of the serial would America, and in the be digitized in its entirety.3 The Preservation areas of gardening, digitizing approach also led to two fruitful col- horticulture, forestry, laborations for the Library: one with the Univer- and landscape art. sity of Michigan, to deliver Garden and Forest Among these mches, on the Internet through a collaborative gateway Garden and Forest that provides access to many nineteenth- stood out in several century periodicals;’ and one with the Arnold ways. In addition to Arboretum of Harvard University, to develop primary information specialized access aids to the content, including on scientific topics, it provided a wonderful background essays and a detailed subject index. snapshot of the cultural history of the early con- Smce Garden and Forest was released online servation movement in the United States. A in December 1999, it has had a new and greatly striking number of important individuals active expanded life among millions of pages of other in the burgeoning conservation movement pub- electronic journals that provide full text access lished in Garden and Forest, and their writing over the Internet.s This has enabled tens of spanned the broad range of interests that thousands of new researchers throughout the impelled them, including landscape design and world, who might never have discovered preservation, national and urban park develop- Garden and Forest on a library shelf, to have a ment, scientific forestry, forest conservation, first-hand glimpse of a critical period in the horticulture, and botany. Garden and Forest history of the conservation movement in the also published the work of a significant number United States and the development of related of woman authors, an unusual occurrence in scientific fields. of the time. publications ’ Endnotes Although interest in Garden and Forest was high, technical impediments imtially prohib- 1 The American Memory digital collections can be ited its inclusion in the American Memory viewed at the Library of Congress web site: http:// memory.loc.gov// digital collection. Over the next several years, z See: some of those but the http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/ impediments lessened, coolhome.html and overall size-almost http’//memory.loc.gov/ammem/ journal’s 9,000 pages-and amrvhtml/conshome.html the relative expense to digitize it in its entirety 3 See. http://lcweb loc.gov/preserv/prd/presdig/ remained concerns. The frequent requests presintro.html; http //lcweb loc.gov/preserv/prd/ for Garden and Forest by researchers coming gardfor/digitizegf.html; and http://lcweb.loc.gov/ to the Library of Congress throughout this preserv/prd/presdig/presphase.html period, however, reinforced its importance as 4See: http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/ a resource. digitizegf.html During the time Garden and Forest was being 5 See: http://lcweb loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/ considered for digitizing, Library staff noticed gfhome.html that its paper showed signs of deterioration, embrittlement. At that the mcluding time, LeeEllen Fnedland is a Senior Specialist with the Library’s Preservation Directorate began to National Digital Library Program at the Library of develop its digital reformatting program to Congress. 4 The avenue of Cypress trees..