IN THE WAKE OF THE ASTROLABE: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF DIARIES MAINTAINED BY THE LEADERS AND PHYSICIANS OF FRENCH REMOTE DUTY STATIONS ANACAPA SCIENCES, INC. PO BOX 519 SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA 93102 IN THE WAKE OF THE ASTROLABE: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF DIARIES MAINTAINED BY THE LEADERS AND PHYSICIANS OF FRENCH REMOTE DUTY STATIONS CONDUCTED FOR DIVISION OF SPACE LIFE SCIENCES NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION March 1999 JACK STUSTER, PHD, CPE ANACAPA SCIENCES, INC. CLAUDE BACHELARD, MD TERRITOIRE DES TERRES AUSTRALES ET ANTARCTIQUES FRANÇAISES AND INSTITUT FRANÇAIS POUR LA RECHERCHE ET LA TECHNOLOGIE POLAIRES PETER SUEDFELD, PHD UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ANACAPA SCIENCES, INC. PO BOX 519 SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA 93102 Cover illustration: The corvettes Astrolabe and Zélée in Antarctica, 9 February 1838, by Louis Lebreton, the assistant surgeon onboard the Astrolabe. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1 Background....................................................................................................................... 1 Summary of Interest in Isolation and Confinement.................................................... 2 Journals, Diaries, and Logs as Sources of Behavioral Information........................... 4 The French Remote Duty Stations................................................................................. 6 THE RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 11 Project Tasks ..................................................................................................................... 13 RESULTS................................................................................................................................... 17 Category Analysis............................................................................................................ 17 Positive-Negative Analysis............................................................................................. 22 Thematic Analysis............................................................................................................ 31 IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 45 Implications of the Category Analysis.......................................................................... 45 Implications of the Positive-Negative Analyses.......................................................... 47 Implications of the Thematic Analysis.......................................................................... 49 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 65 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 67 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 69 APPENDIX A: DIARY CONTENT MATRIX............................................................................. 73 – i – LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 NUMBER OF ENTRIES PER EXPEDITION DAY............................................................... 17 2 CATEGORIES RANKED BY TOTAL NUMBER OF ASSIGNMENTS ................................. 18 3 CATEGORY ASSIGNMENTS FROM THE THREE 180-DAY (MAXIMUM) DIARIES ....... 20 4 CATEGORY ASSIGNMENTS FROM THE SIX 230-DAY (MINIMUM) DIARIES .............. 21 5 CATEGORY ASSIGNMENTS FROM ALL DIARIES ......................................................... 22 6 RESULTS OF THE POSITIVE - NEGATIVE ANALYSIS BY MISSION QUARTER.............. 23 7 POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIARY ENTRIES BY BEHAVIORAL CATEGORY 31 8 MAIN THEMES: GROUP INTERACTION........................................................................ 32 9 MAIN THEMES: OUTSIDE COMMUNICATIONS ........................................................... 33 10 MAIN THEMES: WORKLOAD........................................................................................ 34 11 MAIN THEMES: RECREATION AND LEISURE............................................................... 35 12 MAIN THEMES: MEDICAL SUPPORT ............................................................................ 36 13 MAIN THEMES: ADJUSTMENT...................................................................................... 37 14 MAIN THEMES: LEADERSHIP........................................................................................ 38 15 MAIN THEMES: EVENT ................................................................................................. 39 16 MAIN THEMES: FOOD PREPARATION ......................................................................... 39 17 MAIN THEMES: ORGANIZATION/MANAGEMENT .................................................... 40 18 MAIN THEMES: EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................ 40 19 MAIN THEMES: SLEEP................................................................................................... 40 20 MAIN THEMES: SAFETY ................................................................................................ 41 21 MAIN THEMES: PERSONNEL SELECTION..................................................................... 41 22 MAIN THEMES: WASTE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 41 23 MAIN THEMES: INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS......................................................... 42 24 MAIN THEMES: EXERCISE............................................................................................. 42 25 MAIN THEMES: HABITAT AESTHETICS ....................................................................... 42 26 MAIN THEMES: HYGIENE............................................................................................. 42 27 MAIN THEMES: PERSONAL HYGIENE.......................................................................... 43 28 MAIN THEMES: PRIVACY AND PERSONAL SPACE...................................................... 43 29 MAIN THEMES: CLOTHING .......................................................................................... 43 30 OVERALL RESULTS OF THE POSITIVE - NEGATIVE ANALYSES.................................. 49 31 OUTSIDE COMMUNICATIONS: OVERALL POSITIVE-NEGATIVE ANALYSES RESULTS 55 – ii – LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Overall: Long vs Short Duration and All Missions Combined ........................... 24 2 Group Interaction: Long vs Short Duration and All Missions Combined......... 24 3 Outside Communications: Long vs Short Duration and All Combined............ 24 4 Workload: Long vs Short Duration and All Missions Combined....................... 24 5 Recreation & Leisure: Long vs Short Duration and All Combined.................... 25 6 Medical Support: Long vs Short Duration and All Missions Combined........... 25 7 Leadership: Long vs Short Duration and All Missions Combined..................... 25 8 Adjustment: Long vs Short Duration and All Missions Combined ................... 25 9 Overall: Antarctic vs Insular and All Missions Combined.................................. 26 10 Group Interaction: Antarctic vs Insular and All Missions Combined ............... 26 11 Outside Communications: Antarctic vs Insular and All Combined................... 27 12 Recreation & Leisure: Antarctic vs Insular and All Missions Combined .......... 27 13 Medical Support: Antarctic vs Insular and All Missions Combined.................. 27 14 Leadership: Antarctic vs Insular and All Missions Combined ........................... 27 15 Leadership: Antarctic vs Insular and All Missions Combined ........................... 28 16 Adjustment: Antarctic vs Insular and All Missions Combined .......................... 28 17 Overall: Physicians vs Leaders................................................................................. 29 18 Group Interaction: Physicians vs Leaders.............................................................. 29 19 Outside Communications: Physicians vs Leaders ................................................ 29 20 Workload: Physicians vs Leaders............................................................................ 29 21 Recreation & Leisure: Physicians vs Leaders......................................................... 30 22 Adjustment: Physicians vs Leaders......................................................................... 30 23 Medical Support: Physicians vs Leaders ................................................................ 30 24 Leadership: Physicians vs Leaders.......................................................................... 30 25 Numbers of Primary and Secondary Category Assignments ............................. 46 26 Summary of Process From Diaries to Themes....................................................... 50 27 Illustration Depicting Mealtime Seating Pattern at an Insular Station .............. 53 – iii – INTRODUCTION The research documented in this report was funded by the Space Life Sciences Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The research involved the analysis of personal journals that were maintained for this purpose by the station leaders and medical officers of the Dumont d’Urville Antarctic facility and three other French remote duty stations in the South Indian Ocean. The diaries were maintained