Linköping University Department of Culture and Communication Master’s Program Language and Culture in Europe The Albanian Linguistic Journey from Ancient Illyricum to EU "Lexical Borrowings" Ariola Kulla Language and Culture in Europe Spring Term, 2010 Supervisor: Richard Hirsch © Ariola Kulla Department of Culture and Communication Master’s Program in Language and Culture in Europe http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57208 ISRN: LIU-IKK/MPLCE-A--10/01 Linköping University Electronic Press Upphovsrätt Detta dokument hålls tillgängligt på Internet – eller dess framtida ersättare –från publiceringsdatum under förutsättning att inga extraordinära omständigheter uppstår. Tillgång till dokumentet innebär tillstånd för var och en att läsa, ladda ner, skriva ut enstaka kopior för enskilt bruk och att använda det oförändrat för icke- kommersiell forskning och för undervisning. Överföring av upphovsrätten vid en senare tidpunkt kan inte upphäva detta tillstånd. 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For additional information about the Linköping University Electronic Press and its procedures for publication and for assurance of document integrity, please refer to its www home page: http://www.ep.liu.se/. © Ariola Kulla. © Ariola Kulla Department of Culture and Communication Master’s Program in Language and Culture in Europe http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57208 ISRN: LIU-IKK/MPLCE-A--10/01 i Table of Contents List of illustrations .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................v Guide to the reader .................................................................................................................... vi A. Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... vi B. Symbols ..............................................................................................................................6 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Problem description ......................................................................................................2 1.2 Aim...............................................................................................................................2 2 Historical background .........................................................................................................3 3 Albanian as an Indo-European language ..............................................................................6 3.1 Albanian-PIE phonological correspondences .................................................................8 3.2 The origin controversy ................................................................................................ 10 3.3 Albanian Standard Language....................................................................................... 12 3.4 Dialects of Albanian.................................................................................................... 14 4 Lexical borrowing ............................................................................................................. 16 4.1 Definition of lexical borrowing ................................................................................... 17 4.2 Characteristics of Borrowings ..................................................................................... 20 4.3 Motivation for lexical borrowing ................................................................................. 21 4.4 Effects of borrowing ................................................................................................... 22 4.5 What is a Loanword? .................................................................................................. 22 4.5.1 Direct Loans ........................................................................................................ 23 4.5.2 Indirect Loans ...................................................................................................... 23 4.6 Borrowings from Greek (8th BC to 146 BC) ............................................................... 24 4.7 Borrowings from Latin ................................................................................................ 26 ii 4.8 Borrowings during the Byzantine period ..................................................................... 28 4.9 Borrowings from Turkish ............................................................................................ 32 4.10 Borrowings from Italian .......................................................................................... 35 4.11 Borrowings from English......................................................................................... 36 5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 38 5.1 Summary and conclusion ............................................................................................ 38 5.2 Future Research .......................................................................................................... 39 Works Cited .............................................................................................................................. 40 Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 43 Appendix A- Albanian-PIE phonological correspondences .................................................... 43 Appendix B- Indo-European family of languages .................................................................. 47 Appendix C- International Phonetic Alphabet........................................................................ 48 iii List of illustrations Table 1: Albanian words and their PIE-roots ...............................................................................7 Table 2: Unclear origin of the borrowing ................................................................................... 17 Table 3: Loanwords .................................................................................................................. 18 Table 4: Loan translations ......................................................................................................... 18 Table 5: Foreign words ............................................................................................................. 19 Table 6: Loan blends ................................................................................................................. 19 Table 7: Sound changes ............................................................................................................. 20 Table 8: Direct loans ................................................................................................................. 23 Table 9: Indirect loans ............................................................................................................... 23 Table 10: Words borrowed from Greek ..................................................................................... 25 Table 11: Words borrowed from Latin ...................................................................................... 27 Table 12: Further words borrowed from Latin ........................................................................... 28 Table 13: Borrowings from Gothic ............................................................................................ 29 Table 14: Words borrowed from Slavic languages..................................................................... 30 Table 15: Words borrowed from New-Greek ............................................................................. 30 Table 16: More words borrowed from New-Greek .................................................................... 31 Table 17: Words borrowed