Pakistan National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for achieving Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Sustainable Development Goals Government of Pakistan 2017 - 2030 – NBSAP TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. i Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 12 1. Context ............................................................................................................................... 12 2. Purpose of National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan .............................................. 13 3. Valuation of Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services and its Contribution to Human Well- being ................................................................................................................................... 14 4. Causes and Trends of Biodiversity Loss ............................................................................ 14 4.1. Population Growth ......................................................................................................... 15 4.2. Policy, Planning, and Institutional Shortfalls ................................................................ 15 4.3. Land Use -Degradation and Desertification .................................................................. 16 4.4. Deforestation .................................................................................................................. 19 4.5. Open Access Resources ................................................................................................. 19 4.6. Grazing ........................................................................................................................... 20 4.7. Unsustainable Fishing .................................................................................................... 20 4.8. Promotion of High Yield Varieties and Exotic Breeds .................................................. 21 4.9. Extensive Use of Agrochemicals ................................................................................... 21 4.10. Pollution...................................................................................................................... 21 4.11. Water Scarcity ............................................................................................................ 22 4.12. Global Climate Change .............................................................................................. 22 5. Constitutional, Legal and Institutional Framework ............................................................ 22 5.1. Biodiversity Legal Framework at Federal level ............................................................. 22 5.2. Provincial Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries Laws ......................................................... 24 5.3. Biodiversity Policy Framework ..................................................................................... 24 5.4. Biodiversity related Conventions, Declarations and Agreements ................................. 25 5.5. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)......................................................................... 26 5.6. Institutional Framework ................................................................................................. 26 6. Review of Progress on BAP Implementation ..................................................................... 27 6.1. Progress on Implementation of BAP (2000):................................................................. 27 i – NBSAP 6.2. Biodiversity Scenarios ................................................................................................... 27 6.3. Processes for development of Biodiversity Action and Plan (BAP)and National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ........................................................................... 28 II. NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ..................................... 30 1. Vision ................................................................................................................................. 30 2. Goals ................................................................................................................................... 30 3. Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 30 4. Strategies and Actions ........................................................................................................ 30 5. Biodiversity Awareness ...................................................................................................... 31 5.1. Context ........................................................................................................................... 31 5.2. Issues and Trends ........................................................................................................... 31 5.3. Strategies and Actions.................................................................................................... 32 6. Gender, Poverty, and Biodiversity Nexus .......................................................................... 33 6.1. Context ........................................................................................................................... 33 6.2. Issues and Trends ........................................................................................................... 33 6.3. Strategies and Actions.................................................................................................... 34 7. Mainstreaming Biodiversity in National Planning and Policy Processes .......................... 34 7.1. Context ........................................................................................................................... 34 7.2. Issues and Trends ........................................................................................................... 34 7.3. Strategies and Actions.................................................................................................... 35 8. Terrestrial Ecosystems, Habitats, and Species ................................................................... 35 8.1. Context ........................................................................................................................... 35 8.2. Issues and Trends ........................................................................................................... 36 8.3. Strategies and Actions.................................................................................................... 38 9. Forest Ecosystems .............................................................................................................. 40 9.1. Context ........................................................................................................................... 40 9.2. Issues and Trends ........................................................................................................... 41 9.3. Strategies and Actions.................................................................................................... 43 10. Inland Wetland Ecosystems ............................................................................................... 45 10.1. Context........................................................................................................................ 45 10.2. Issue and Trends ......................................................................................................... 47 10.3. Strategies and Actions ................................................................................................ 48 ii – NBSAP 11. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems ......................................................................................... 50 11.1. Context........................................................................................................................ 50 11.2. Issues and Trends........................................................................................................ 51 11.3. Strategies and Actions ................................................................................................ 52 12. Sustainable Agriculture and Agrobiodiversity ................................................................... 54 12.1. Context........................................................................................................................ 54 12.2. Issues and Trends........................................................................................................ 55 12.3. Strategies and Actions ................................................................................................ 55 13. Sustainable Production and Consumption .......................................................................... 57 13.1. Context........................................................................................................................ 57 13.2. Trends and Issues........................................................................................................ 58 13.3. Strategies and Actions ................................................................................................ 59 14. Synthetic Biology – challenges and opportunities from a biodiversity perspective