Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No 193 Demonstration of Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes for Desalination and Reuse Enhancement U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado June 2017 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 30-06-2017 Final October 1, 2014 – June 30, 2017 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Demonstration of Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes for R14AP00175 Desalination and Reuse Enhancement 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Pei Xu, Charlie (Qun) He, Xuesong Xu, Guanyu Ma, Huiyao Wang, Nagamany 5e. TASK NUMBER Nirmalakhandan 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University 3035 NUMBER S Espina St., Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001 Carollo Engineers, Inc. 4600 East Washington Street, Suite 500, Phoenix, AZ 85034 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) Bureau of Reclamation Reclamation U.S. Department of the Interior Denver Federal Center 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225-0007 NUMBER(S) DWPR Report No. 193 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from the National Technical Information Service, Operations Division, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22161 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Online at https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/DWPR_Reports.html 14. ABSTRACT Selective separation of mono- and multi-valent ions has important applications in water reuse, desalination, and salt production. Bench- and pilot-scale experiments were conducted to investigate desalination performance, ion selectivity, and energy consumption of the newly developed monovalent permselective ion-exchange membranes (sodium selective membrane CR671 and nitrate selective membrane AR112B) in comparison with standard normal grade membranes CR67 and AR204. The objectives of this project are to demonstrate the technical viability and economic feasibility of selective electrodialysis to a wide range of impaired waters including reclaimed water, brackish water, and RO concentrate. The selective electrodialysis provides an innovative ion selective desalination technology for water reuse, desalination and concentrate management. This study elucidated the impacts of feed water quality, operating conditions (current density, linear velocity, hydraulic retention time, and staging) on ion selectivity and overall salt removal for both selective and normal grade ion-exchange membranes.This study demonstrated that monovalent permselective membranes are effective to adjust ion composition for lower salinity water, such as reclaimed water and groundwater. The electrical repulsion between the cationic polymer and multivalent cations decreased with increasing ionic strength in feedwater. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Electrodialysis; ion selectivity; selective separation; desalination; ion-exchange membranes; membrane modification; brackish water; water reuse; concentrate treatment 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Miguel Arias-Pac a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) U U U 303-445-2132 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98 Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 193 Demonstration of Monovalent Selective Ion- Exchange Membranes for Desalination and Reuse Enhancement Prepared for the Bureau of Reclamation Under Agreement No. R14AP00175 by Pei Xu, Charlie (Qun) He, Xuesong Xu, Guanyu Ma, Huiyao Wang, Nagamany Nirmalakhandan U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Denver, Colorado June 2017 Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Disclaimer The views, analysis, recommendations, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not represent official or unofficial policies or opinions of the United States Government, and the United States takes no position with regard to any findings, conclusions, or recommendations made. As such, mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the United States Government. Acknowledgments This work was financially sponsored by the Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program, Bureau of Reclamation (R14AP00175); and the National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt (EEC- 1028968). The authors also thank Carollo Engineers, City of Scottsdale, City of Phoenix, and El Paso Water Utilities, for providing technical and financial support to the project. The research team gratefully acknowledges the following individuals for their valuable contribution to the project: • Bureau of Reclamation: Dr. Miguel Aria-Paic, Janeen Koza, Shaun Wilken, Matthew Reichert, and Ron LeBlanc, for managing the project; and Randy Shaw, for technical support during field testing at the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility, New Mexico Carollo Engineers: Jun Wang, Johnny Nogales, for technical support City of Scottsdale: Christopher Hassert, Art Nunez, Laura McCasland, and Susan Bulter, for technical and financial support during pilot-scale testing at Scottsdale Water Campus, Arizona • El Paso Water Utilities: Art Ruiz, John Balliew, and Fernie Rico Jr, for technical and financial support during pilot-scale testing at the Kay Bailey • Hutchinson Desalination Plant, Texas • GE Water & Process Technologies: Danny Jorgensen, Ken Irwin, John Barber, Yongchang Zhen, and Patrick Girvin, for technical support and meaningful discussions on pilot-scale electrodialysis testing and modelling • New Mexico State University: Mark Chidester and Million Tesfai for water samples analysis Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes Acronyms and Abbreviations AACE Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering AEM Anion Exchange Membrane BAF biologically activated filtration BGNDRF Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility BPI Blue Plan-itTM Cd concentration of dilute-out CEM Cation Exchange Membrane Cf concentration of feed-in Ci Ion concentrations at the at the membrane surface ED electrodialysis EDM electrodialysis metathesis EDR electrodialysis reversal EDX energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy h height of the dilute chamber flow channel HRT hydraulic residence time I current intensity I current through the electrodialysis stack IC ion chromatography ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy IEM ion-exchange membrane IX ion-exchange KBHDP Kay Bailey Hutchison Desalination Plant L entire length of the dilute flow channel LCD limiting current density MF microfiltration Mn number average molecular weight Mw weight-average molecular weight N number of cell pairs n number of IEM pairs Ncp number of cell pairs NF nanofiltration NMSU New Mexico State University NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulations O&M operation and maintenance Qd final dilute-out flow Qf feed-in flow R Resistance RAR Electrical resistance of anion exchange membranes Rc Electrical resistance in concentrate RCR Electrical resistance of cation exchange membranes RD Electrical resistance in diluate Relectrodes Electrical resistance of electrode chambers ReNUWIt Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (Rtotal) total stack resistance iii Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes RO reverse osmosis S Total membrane surface area of the stack S1 Membrane surface area of a single pair SAR sodium adsorption ratio SEM scanning electron microscope SMART® Salinity Management and Research Toolbox SROG Sub-Regional Operating Group SWC Scottsdale Water Campus TDS total dissolved solids TOC total organic carbon UF ultrafiltration V applied voltage to the electrodialysis stack W Width of the dilute chamber flow channel WET whole effluent toxicity ZLD zero liquid discharge Measurements °C degree Celsius A amp cm centimeter cm2 square centimeter cm/s centimeter per second ft2 square foot g/L gram per liter gpm gallon per minute kg kilogram kWh/kgal kilowatt hour per thousand gallons lpm liter per minute