Markham EDITED BY “A resource as distinctive and informative as this quickly will prove its usefulness.” CHOICE “It stands out as an excellent resource for anyone interested in the development of theology.” THE STUDENT’S COMPANION TO THE Theological Librarianship “Worth the money, intellectually sound, and well targeted.” Reference Reviews An ideal resource for students, this Companion brings together an international team of nearly 50 THEOLOGIANS contemporary scholars to introduce the theologians responsible for shaping the Christian story through the ages. It comprises over 75 entries on the most important and infl uential fi gures in the THE TO COMPANION history of Christianity, including amongst others, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, C. S. Lewis, James Cone, and Rosemary Radford Reuther. THE STUDENT’S THE STUDENT’S The volume combines authoritative profi les of key Catholic, Protestant, Evangelical, and progressive theologians with a blend of substantial essays and overviews which discuss their historical signifi cance within the fi eld. The comprehensive A-Z entries establish each theologian within their immediate context and summarize their primary work. The Companion is neatly structured around fi ve key time periods spanning the early centuries through the Middle Ages, Reformation, Enlightenment, and the twentieth-century to the present. Incorporating a variety of student aids including a timeline, a glossary of key terms, and essential reading lists, The Student’s Companion to the Theologians provides an accessible reference to the key people who have shaped the Christian tradition. THEOLOGIANS IAN S. MARKHAM is the Dean and President of Virginia Theological Seminary. Awards include the Robertson Fellow 2006, Teape Lecturer in India 2004, Claggett Fellow attached to Washington National Cathedral in 2000, and Frank Woods Fellow at Trinity College, Melbourne in 1997. He is the author and editor of numerous books, including The Wiley- Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion (edited with J. Barney Hawkins IV, Justyn Terry and Leslie Nuñez Steffensen, 2013), Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris Are Fundamentally Wrong (2010), A World Religions Reader (3rd edition, 2009), Understanding Christian Doctrine (2007), and Do Morals Matter (2006), all published by Wiley-Blackwell. EDITED BY Ian S. Markham pb_9781118472583.indd 1 6/1/13 19:08:03 The Student’s Companion to the Theologians The Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Religion The Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Religion series presents a collection of the most recent scholarship and knowledge about world religions. Each volume draws together newly-commissioned essays by distinguished authors in the field, and is presented in a style which is accessible to undergraduate students, as well as scholars and the interested general reader. These volumes approach the subject in a creative and forward-thinking style, providing a forum in which leading scholars in the field can make their views and research available to a wider audience. Recently Published The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion Edited by Robert A. Segal The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’ān Edited by Andrew Rippin The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought Edited by Ibrahim M. Abu-Rabi῾ The Blackwell Companion to the Bible and Culture Edited by John F. A. Sawyer The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism Edited by James J. Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt, and Trent Pomplun The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity Edited by Ken Parry The Blackwell Companion to the Theologians Edited by Ian S. Markham The Blackwell Companion to the Bible in English Literature Edited by Rebecca Lemon, Emma Mason, John Roberts, and Christopher Rowland The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament Edited by David E. Aune The Blackwell Companion to Nineteenth Century Theology Edited by David Fergusson The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America Edited by Philip Goff The Blackwell Companion to Jesus Edited by Delbert Burkett The Blackwell Companion to Paul Edited by Stephen Westerholm The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence Edited by Andrew R. Murphy The Blackwell Companion to Christian Ethics, Second Edition Edited by Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Wells The Wiley-Blackwell Companion Practical Theology Edited by Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice Edited by Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgess The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions Edited by Randall L. Nadeau The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religions Edited by Elias Kifon Bongmba The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Christian Mysticism Edited by Julia A. Lamm The Student’s Companion to the Theologians Edited by Ian S. Markham A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This paperback edition first published 2013 © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd First published in hardback as The Blackwell Companion to the Theologians (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2009) Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Ian S. Markham to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The student’s companion to the theologians / edited by Ian S. Markham. p. cm. — (Blackwell companions to religion) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-3507-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-47258-3 (pbk.) 1. Theology–History. 2. Theologians–History. I. Markham, Ian S. II. Title: Companion to the theologians. BR118.B48 2009 230.092′2—dc22 2008054911 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Barbara Chase/Corbis Cover design by Nicki Averill Design Set in 10/12pt Bembo by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2013 Contents Notes on Contributors viii Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Timeline xvi Early Centuries 1 The Apocalypse of John 3 Arius (c.256–336) 6 Athanasius (c.295–373) 16 Augustine of Hippo (c.354–430) 26 Boethius (c.475–c.524) 31 The Cappadocians (c.329–c.524) 43 Cyril of Alexandria (c.378–444) and Nestorius of Constantinople (c.381–c.451) 48 Ephrem the Syrian (c.306–73) 60 Ignatius of Antioch (c.35–c.110) 71 Irenaeus of Lyons (2nd century) 74 John the Evangelist 79 Marcion (c.85–c.160) 89 Maximos the Confessor (580–662) 93 Origen (c.185–254) 103 The Apostle Paul 113 The Synoptic Evangelists: Mark, Matthew, and Luke 119 Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus) (c.155–c.225) 128 Middle Ages 137 Peter Abelard (1079–1142) 139 St Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) 142 Thomas Aquinas, OP (c.1224–74) 153 Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) 159 Bonaventure (c.1217–74) 162 Duns Scotus (c.1266–1308) 171 vi contents Julian of Norwich (1342–c.1416) 181 William Ockham (c.1280–c.1349) 187 Reformation Period 197 John Calvin (1509–64) 199 Richard Hooker (1554–1600) 204 Martin Luther (1483–1546) 208 Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560) 216 The Reformation 219 Teresa of Ávila (1515–82) 227 Enlightenment and Modern Period 237 Donald Baillie (1887–1954) 239 John Baillie (1886–1960) 245 Karl Barth (1886–1968) 250 Emil Brunner (1889–1966) 256 John Nelson Darby (1800–1882) 262 Georges Vasilievich Florovsky (1893–1979) 265 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) 276 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) 287 Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) 290 C. S. (Clive Staples) Lewis (1898–1963) 295 John Henry Newman (1801–90) 299 Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) 310 Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834) 320 Gottfried Thomasius (1802–75) 326 Paul Tillich (1886–1965) 338 B. B. Warfield (1851–1921) 350 Twentieth Century to Present 353 Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–88) 355 Serge Laugier de Beaurecueil (1917–2005) 367 Black Theology 371 Dietrich