Shaping the Future beyond Modernity International Institute for Advanced Studies Shaping the Future beyond Modernity International Institute for Advanced Studies (IIAS) International Institute for Advanced Studies (IIAS) was founded in Keihanna Science City in 1984 as an institute for "conduct research for the future and happiness of mankind". Thirty years later, in 2014, we returned to this original spirit, and discussed intensively "What are the big issues in the world of the 21st century, and what are the issues to be addressed immediately at International Institute for Advanced Studies?". Now, to contribute to solving the serious problems facing the drastically changing global society in the near future, we have set up a core program to tackle the following issues in 2015. A: Transforming Science and Technology in the 21st Century - value, system and practice - (Principal Investigator: Tateo Arimoto, Vice Director, International Institute for Advanced Studies) B: Sustainability of Human Survival - Rebuilding of Value Axis towards 2100 - (Principal Investigator: Takamitsu Sawa, Research Advisor, International Institute for Advanced Studies) C: Towards Peaceful Co-living in a World of Diversity (Principal Investigator: Ryuichi Ida, Vice Director, International Institute for Advanced Studies) D: 30 Year Concept for the Keihanna Science City (Principal Investigator: Hiroshi Matsumoto, Vice Director, International Institute for Advanced Studies) To solve various issues in the global society, how should academic studies, science and technology, society, economy, humanity, and near-future cities be? Can we, human beings, continue to survive on the Earth with the ways of life and values as we are? We hereby publish a report on the results of our attempts to transcend countries, organizations, and fields, and have discussions by people of various positions, to find a new direction towards the future of human beings and the Earth. Notice: This English report is the translation of its original Japanese report by using machine translation followed by post-editing by human translators. In the event of any discrepancies between this translated document and the Japanese original, the Japanese original version shall prevail. Abstract of Key Research Programs A: Transforming Science and Technology in the 21st Century - value, system and practice - How should we deal with the difficulties faced by human beings, society and the earth of the 21st century, and therefore what is the science and technology of the 21st century? There is a serious awareness that the development of science and technology through extension and fine adjustment of the current situation will cause a serious crisis in the lives of mankind, the earth and people. This study group presents the recognition and the world view of the era of science and technology in the 21st century, from the viewpoint of people and institution. We describe the thesis from a perspective and summarize some concrete recommendations and practical examples for change. B: Sustainability of Human Survival - Rebuilding of Value Axis towards 2100 - In consideration of limited earth, a pressing issue facing humanity, it is obvious that the relentless pursuit of wealth through modern capitalism will lead, if unchanged, to the depletion of global resources, an increased wealth gap, and the swift extinction of the human race. As such, it is necessary for us to go beyond our concept of progress and development, build a stable, recycling economy and a sustainable society, reduce the wealth gap as far as possible, and create a society that guarantees a cultural lifestyle. This study group will paint the picture of such society and discuss what needs to be done to make a smooth transition into it. C: Towards Peaceful Co-living in a World of Diversity This study group was established with the goal of returning to the dignity of human beings while respecting tolerance, cooperation, and the spirit of reciprocity, and building values for peaceful co-living. We examined ideas and elements that would form the basis for presenting the factors for achieving peaceful co-living, arising in Japan, as an index. We will further refine the index elements shown here and the confirmation method of their effectiveness, and then will construct a concept of a world of peaceful co-living, based on the existence of diverse values, to disseminate from the International Institute for Advanced Studies. D: 30 Year Concept for the Keihanna Science City *available in Japanese edition only How cities and/or regions should be in the 21st century. How the International Institute for Advanced Studies (IIAS) should commit to develop recommendations towards molding Keihanna into a model science city in the future. 30 years has passed since Keihanna’s opening. Taking this opportunity, "Advisory Panel on the Future of Keihanna" have discussed the future of Keihanna with a long term view to draw 30 Year Concept for the Keihanna Science City. Table of Contents A: TRANSFORMING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY- VA L U E , SYSTEM AND PRACTICE - ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY ............................................... 5 1. Definition of "science" in this paper ................................................................................................. 6 2. What can "science" do? ..................................................................................................................... 6 3. What is the societal expectation for "science"? ................................................................................ 7 4. In advancing science of the “problem-solving" type ......................................................................... 9 5. Acceptance of science in Japanese society ....................................................................................... 10 6. Part of science that “needs to be fixed," and its means in future society ....................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 EXPECTATION FOR SCIENCE IN RESPONDING TO THE STATE OF THE MODERN WORLD ........................................................................................................................................ 17 1. Changes of the times and science ..................................................................................................... 18 2. The present and the past of science in Japan .................................................................................. 19 3. Changes in the relationship between science and society ............................................................... 21 4. Current state of science in Japan and issues for the government administration in science and technology ............................................................................................................................................. 21 5. The future of science in Japan ......................................................................................................... 24 6. Several suggestions ........................................................................................................................... 26 7. Looking back so far .......................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3 ROLES OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AT THE TRANSITION PERIOD 29 2. Transition example of "storytelling" leading the science and society ............................................ 30 3. Exhaustion caused by “innovation" and SDGs ............................................................................... 32 1. "Transition Period" and roles of humanities and social sciences .................................................. 34 4. Issues of humanities and social sciences in Japan .......................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4 THE MEANING IN QUESTIONING POSTMODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 37 1. Cause and result ............................................................................................................................... 39 2. Inside and outside ............................................................................................................................. 40 3. Thoughts and actions........................................................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 5 SCIENCE PRACTICED BY HUMAN BEINGS ........................................................... 43 1. Preface .............................................................................................................................................. 44 2. Cannot focus on the problem ........................................................................................................... 44 3. Humans are living things that can do anything, but cannot do anything ...................................... 45 4. Pass it on to the future ...................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 6 ISSUES FOR UNIVERSITIES AS INSTITUTES FOR BASIC RESEARCH.................... 55 1. State of research work of university ................................................................................................