Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:50pm page i A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:50pm page ii Blackwell Companions to Anthropology Blackwell Companions to Anthropology offer a series of comprehensive syntheses of the traditional subdisciplines, primary subjects, and geographic areas of inquiry for the field. Taken together, the series represents both a contemporary survey of anthropology and a cutting-edge guide to the emerging research and intellectual trends in the field as a whole. 1 A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology edited by Alessandro Duranti 2 A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent 3 A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians edited by Thomas Biolsi Forthcoming A Companion to Psychological Anthropology edited by Conerly Casey and Robert B. Edgerton A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan edited by Jennifer Robertson Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:50pm page iii A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Edited by Thomas Biolsi Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:50pm page iv ß 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Thomas Biolsi to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the anthropology of American Indians / edited by Thomas Biolsi. p. cm.—(Blackwell companions to anthropology ; 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-22686-9 (alk. paper) 1. Indians of North America—Study and teaching. 2. Anthropology—Research—North America. 3. Indians of North America—History. 4. Indians of North America—Research. I. Biolsi, Thomas, 1952–II. Series. E76.6.C66 2005 970.004’97—dc22 2004006543 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5 pt Galliard by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:50pm page v To Vine Deloria, Jr., with great esteem for critical scholarship and intellectual presence, reflected in the pages of this book. Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:50pm page vi Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:51pm page vii Contents Synopsis of Contents x Notes on Contributors xviii Introduction: What is the ‘‘Anthropology’’ of ‘‘American Indians’’? 1 Thomas Biolsi Part I: Environments and Populations 5 1 Political and Historical Ecologies 7 Kenneth M. Ames 2 Historical Demography 24 Russell Thornton Part II: Political, Social, and Economic Organization 49 3 Women and Men 51 Martha C. Knack 4 Politics 69 Loretta Fowler 5 Tribal or Native Law 95 Bruce Granville Miller 6 Culture and Reservation Economies 112 Kathleen Pickering Part III: Knowledge and Expressive Culture 131 7 Knowledge Systems 133 Eugene S. Hunn Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:51pm page viii viii CONTENTS 8 Oral Traditions 154 Rodney Frey 9 Religion 171 Raymond Bucko 10 Music 196 Luke Eric Lassiter 11 Art 212 Rebecca J. Dobkins Part IV: Colonialism, Native Sovereignty, Law, and Policy 229 12 Political and Legal Status (‘‘Lower 48’’ States) 231 Thomas Biolsi 13 Political and Legal Status of Alaska Natives 248 Caroline L. Brown 14 Federal Indian Policy and Anthropology 268 George Pierre Castile 15 Contemporary Globalization and Tribal Sovereignty 284 Randel D. Hanson 16 Treaty Rights 304 Larry Nesper 17 Education 321 Alice Littlefield Part V: Cultural Politics and the Colonial Situation 339 18 Representational Practices 341 Pauline Turner Strong 19 The Politics of Native Culture 360 Kirk Dombrowski 20 Cultural Appropriation 383 Tressa Berman 21 Community Healing and Cultural Citizenship 398 Renya K. Ramirez 22 Native Hawaiians 412 Cari Costanzo Kapur Part VI: Anthropological Method and Postcolonial Practice 433 23 Ethnography 435 Peter Whiteley Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:51pm page ix CONTENTS ix 24 Beyond ‘‘Applied’’ Anthropology 472 Les W. Field 25 Language 490 James Collins 26 Visual Anthropology 506 Harald E. L. Prins 27 Archaeology 526 Larry J. Zimmerman Index 542 Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:51pm page x Synopsis of Contents Part I: Environments and Populations 1 Political and Historical Ecologies Kenneth M. Ames This chapter takes a broad view of the historical ecology of Native American societies, examining the ways that native peoples have both responded to and altered their environments and landscapes throughout history, and the ways that an eco- logical focus on the history of native landscapes can give us a fresh approach to modern reservation environmental, demographic, and health issues. The author suggestively anticipates a political ecology of Native America that, rooted in historical ecology, would examine power relations mediated by environmental and economic forces. 2 Historical Demography Russell Thornton The native population of North America prior to European contact was 7 million. This chapter traces the post-contact disease and ecological processes by which this figure was reduced to less than 400,000 by 1900 (a reduction of 94 percent). It also examines the processes by which the native North American population has re- bounded to 3.5 million at present. The chapter also describes intermarriage with non-Indians and formal certification of native identity in the present. Part II: Political, Social, and Economic Organization 3 Women and Men Martha C. Knack This chapter examines relations between women and men in native societies from before contact to the present, surveying the major theories on the subject. Particular Biolsi/Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians Final Proof 17.9.2004 5:51pm page xi SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS xi attention is given to how social structure (for example, matrilineal and matrilocal organization), economic organization (for example, who controls the distribution of goods), politics (for example, processes of group decision-making), and religion affect the degree of equality between the sexes. Also considered is the variety of effects that the larger Euro-American context has had historically and in the present upon the relative status of native women and men. 4 Politics Loretta Fowler This chapter considers the history of anthropological knowledge of Native American political organization, or how leaders are chosen, decisions made, disputes settled, and other matters regarding social power addressed. While we have some knowledge of pre-reservation politics, most political anthropology of Native Americans concerns the reservation period and is concerned with how to understand both continuity and change in native politics. How, for example, are native political systems reproduced and/or transformed in the face of such external forces as the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, and the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1875? 5 Tribal or Native Law Bruce Granville Miller Indigenous law concerned itself not so much with ‘‘crime’’ (which may have no direct translation in native languages or societies) but with addressing disputes between individuals and groups, with repairing ‘‘tears in the social fabric.’’ The struggle of contemporary native societies in the legal realm is to construct tribal codes and judicial systems that blend ancient and contemporary concepts and prac- tices in workable arrangements that allow a judicious balancing of community inter- ests. Concepts of – and struggles over – native tradition, the spirituality of law, peacemaker courts, separation of powers, and the neutrality or social embeddedness of tribal judges, are all part of the complex process of making tribal justice in the present. 6 Culture and Reservation Economies Kathleen Pickering There is no question that contemporary Indian people live in an economic world subject to global forces that reshaped their communities in fundamental ways, and ‘‘incorporated’’ them into capitalism. But it is also fruitful to examine how tribal communities have