THE EU-NATO RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR EUROPEAN SECURITY: COHABITATION OR SEPARATION? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ASLIGÜL SARIKAMI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JUNE 2004 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ________________ Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ___________________ Prof. Dr. Atila Eralp Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _________________ Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bacı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Bacı _____________________ Assoc.Prof. Dr. Ramazan Gözen _____________________ Assist.Prof. Dr Sevilay Kahraman _____________________ ABSTRACT THE EU-NATO RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR EUROPEAN SECURITY: COHABITATION OR SEPARATION? Sarıkamı, Aslıgül M.Sc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bacı June 2004, 175 pages This thesis aims at analyzing the EU’s quest for autonomous defence vis-à- vis NATO with a special reference to the ESDP. The major research question asked is what kind of relationship exists between the EU and NATO. Accordingly, the argument is that the EU’s desire to gain autonomy through the ESDP is unlikely to pose a threat to the primacy of NATO in European Security. In this framework, firstly, the legacy of the Cold War and transition from the ESDI to the ESDP are discussed. Secondly, the political aspect of the EU-NATO relations is addressed by touching upon the views of major powers in the EU-NATO relations. The main obstacles for the development of the EU-NATO relations are explored in the third part. The last part is allocated to the recent developments in the EU-NATO relations within the post September 11 context. This thesis is concluded by suggesting that although the evolving nature of the EU-NATO relations does not provide sufficient iii evidence for giving a clear answer to whether the EU and NATO cohabitate or separate, the EU and NATO should strive for cohabitating and working together in a complementary and harmonious way. Keywords: ESDI, WEU, NATO, ESDP, European Defence, EU, Berlin Plus. iv ÖZ SOUK SAVA SONRASI AVRUPA GÜVENLNDE AB-NATO LKS: BRLKTE VAROLMA VEYA AYRILMA? Sarıkamı, Aslıgül Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası likiler Tez Yöneticisi: Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Bacı Haziran 2004, 175 Sayfa Bu tezin amacı, AGSP’ye özel bir referans vererek AB’nin NATO’ya karı otonom bir savunma oluturma arayıının analiz edilmesidir. Temel aratırma sorusu AB ve NATO arasında ne tür bir iliki var olduudur. Buna uygun olarak, bu çalımanın temel düüncesi, AB, AGSP aracılııyla otonomi kazanma isteinin Avrupa Güvenlii’nde NATO’nun birincil rolünü tehdit edecek durumda olmadııdır.Bu çerçevede, ilk olarak Souk Sava’ın mirası ve AGSK’dan AGSP’ye geçi tartıılmıtır. kinci olarak, AB-NATO ilikisinin siyasi yönü, ana aktorlerin AB-NATO ilikisi ile ilgili görülerine deinilerek ele alınmıtır. AB-NATO ilikisinin gelimesinin önündeki temel engeller üçüncü bölümdeincelenmitir. Son bölüm ise AB-NATO ilikisinde 11 Eylül sonrası dönemde AB-NATO ilikisindeki gelimelere ayrılmıtır. Bu tez çalıması sürekli olarak gelien AB-NATO ilikisinin AB ve NATO’nun birbirinden ayrılacaı veya birarada varolmaya devam edecei v sorusuna net bir cevap verilebilmesi için yeterli delil salamadıı, ancak AB ve NATO’nun bir arada varolma ve birbirleriyle uyumlu ve birbirlerini tamamlayıcı ekilde çalımak için gayret göstermeleri gerektii önerisiyle sonuçlanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: AGSK, BAB, NATO, AGSP, Avrupa Savunması, AB, Berlin Artı. vi To my mother, Fatma Sarıkamı, with love and respect vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Hüseyin BACI for having first sparked my interest in European Security which made it possible for me to write this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisor for his guidance, insight and contributions. He has also provided me with very useful books from which I got many ideas. I profited greatly from the comments and suggestions of Assistant Prof. Dr. Sevilay KAHRAMAN as the thesis went through its different stages from proposal to writing. Moreover, I express my sincere appreciation to her for giving her time willingly and generously. I also owe thanks to Associate Prof. Dr. Ramazan GÖZEN for the time he spent to examine this thesis. His comments and critics contributed to the final version of the thesis. I wish to extend my thanks to Ömür ATMACA, Berna SÜER and Aslı ERGÜL for their patience and good humour during the work. Finally I would like to acknowledge my two important personal debts. A special word of thanks to my wonderful sisters - Çidem and Emine - for putting up with me throughout the process of writing. Last, but not least, I wish to express heartfelt thanks to my mother Fatma Sarıkamı, to whom this thesis is dedicated, for making the dark stretches passable. viii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Date: Signature: ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................iii ÖZ.......................................................................................................................v DEDICATION...................................................................................................vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................viii TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................………................1 2. THE LEGACY OF THE COLD WAR: NATO-WEU-EC TRIANGLE…..…7 3. THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE EU AND NATO TO THE NEW WORLD ORDER: TRANSITION FROM THE ESDI TO THE ESDP……….27 3.1. The New World Order...................................................................27 3.2. The Evolution from ESDI from London to Brussels…………….35 3.3. Transition from the ESDI to the ESDP..........................................54 4. THE POLITICAL ASPECT OF THE EU-NATO RELATIONS…...............70 x 4.1. The US Perspective on the EU-NATO Relations.........................70 4.2. France’s Approach to the EU-NATO Relations...........................85 4.3. Germany’s Approach to the EU-NATO Relations.......................91 4.4. Britain’s Approach to the EU-NATO Relations...........................99 5. THE OBSTACLES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EU-NATO RELATIONS...................................................................................................105 5.1. Military Capabilities Gap...........................................................105 5.2. Twin Enlargement of the EU and NATO……………………..115 5.3. Financial Constraints.................................................................122 6. EU-NATO RELATIONS IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 ERA….……128 6.1. September 11 attacks and Its Implications on the EU and NATO............................................................................128 6.2. The Result of the Convention on the Future of Europe……………….......................................................................132 6.3. The Resolution of Berlin Plus Dispute and the EU-NATO Declaration on ESDP…………………….....................137 6.4. Operation Concordia: The First Test of Operationalizationof the EU-NATORelations………………………………………….........145 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS………………………………………….....149 APPENDIX A. EU-NATO DECLARATION ON ESDP, 16 DECEMBER 2002....................................................................................157 BIBLIOGRAPHY....……………………………………………………….159 xi LIST OF ABBREVATIONS BTO Brussels Treaty Organization CEES Central and Eastern European Countries CESDP Common European Security and Defence Policy CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CJTF Combined Joined Task Force COPSI The EU’s Interim Political and Security Committee EC European Community ECAP European Capability Action Plan ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EDC European Defence Community EEC European Economic Community ERRF European Rapid Reaction Force ESDI European Security and Defence Identity ESDP European Security and Defence Policy xii EU European Union EUMC European Union Military Committee EUMS European Union Military Staff DCI Defence Capabilities Initiative FYROM Former Republic of Macedonia HFC Helsinki Force Catalogue HHC Helsinki Headline Catalogue IGC Intergovernmental Conference IFOR Implementation Force ISAF International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan KFOR Kosovo Force KLA Kosovo Liberation Army OPLAN Operation Plan OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe NAC North Atlantic Council NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council xiii NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NRF NATO Rapid Reaction Force PfP Partnership for Peace PSC Political and Security Committee SACEUR Supreme Allied Force Europe SFOR Stabilization Force TEU Treaty of European