The Viab In the fi rst part, The Viability of Human Security elaborates various aspects The Viability of the Report by the eu’s Barcelona Study Group on Europe’s Security Capabilities, A Human Security Doctrine for Europe (2003). It discusses the international legal consequences of adopting a human security strategy, as well ilit as specifi c operational demands. Also the internal consequences for the eu are of Human Security discussed by positioning the human security approach within the discussion y of H about the blurring distinction between internal and external security. Military and police organisations have to be transformed to fi t the eu’s quasi-domestic Monica den Boer & Jaap de Wilde (eds.) structure. This redefi nition of purpose should be linked to restructuring the military to fi t the demands of contemporary peace-building. uman Se The second part calls for the need to include a bottom-up approach to the study of human security. The concept of ‘Human Security from Below’ is introduced in order to highlight how people in war-torn countries or failed states have no choice but to build up their own security arrangements. Case studies from Bosnia Herzegovina, Israel and the Palestinians show how these curi self-help structures emerge and how they are linked to transnational contexts. Moreover, human security initiatives from below also occur in more stable ty societal circumstances, e.g. local security networks in the Netherlands. The reason to link human security arguments about interventions abroad to Mo arguments about domestic and internal eu-security is to highlight the universal ambitions inherent to the human security concept. So far human security has ni ca den B been treated as an instrument for foreign policy only. However, if a switch from state security to human security occurs this has both international and domestic consequences. oe r & J Monica den Boer is dean at the Police Academy of The Netherlands, aa p de W and professor in Comparative Public Administration, in particular the internationalisation of the police function, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. il de (eds Jaap de Wilde is professor in International Relations and World Politics at the University of Groningen. .) ISBN 9789053567968 amsterdam university press www.aup.nl 9 789053 567968 amsterdam university press The Viability of Human Security The Viability of Human Security Monica den Boer and Jaap de Wilde (eds.) amsterdam university press Cover: Geert de Koning, Ten Post Cover drawing: D. Oudshoorn Lay-out: Adriaan de Jonge, Amsterdam ISBN 9789053567968 NUR 741 © Monica den Boer and Jaap de Wilde / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2008 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Table of Contents IIntroduction 1Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Human Security 9 Monica den Boer and Jaap de Wilde II Top-Down Human Security Policies 2From Just War to Just Peace 21 Mary Kaldor 3Failing Global Justice and Human Security 47 Willy Bruggeman 4Governing Transnational Law Enforcement in the EU: Accountability after Fusing Internal and External Security 71 Monica den Boer 5 The Lack of Coherence between Internal and External Security Policies of the European Union 97 Cyrille Fijnaut 6 Ambidextrous Military: Coping with Contradictions of New Security Policies 109 Joseph L. Soeters III Human Security Policies from Below 7 Human Security,the Military and the (Israeli) State: ‘In-Between Organisations’at Checkpoints 127 Eyal Ben-Ari 5 8 Human Security from Below: Freedom from Fear and Lifeline Operations 149 Mient Jan Faber 9 Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies,1988-2005 179 Walid Salem 10 Human Security from Below: Local Security Networks in the Netherlands 203 Jan Terpstra IV Conclusion 11 Speaking or Doing Human Security? 225 Jaap de Wilde About the Authors 255 Index 257 6 PART I Introduction 1Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Human Security Monica den Boer and Jaap de Wilde It is incredible how ‘national states’ structure the mind – not just the minds of academics who study state sovereignty and national identi- ty, and not just the minds of politicians whose actions are simultane- ously shaped and constrained by state and nation – but the mind of every individual or group willing and able to be political. People in most parts of the world are so state- and ethnocentric. Despite glob- alisation, every newspaper has separate pages for domestic and for- eign news. Even the pages about globalised economics work with dis- tinctions such as local, national, regional and world markets. We are inclined to think in terms of internal and external. We have learned to value the lives of domestic individuals differently than the lives of for- eign individuals. Even though most violence occurs in private set- tings, we love those close to us more than people we have never met. And we have found ways to define who is in the inner circle: In addi- tion to family ties, nationalism, ideological ‘isms’, myths about eth- nicity, and religions shape collective identities that set ‘us’ apart from ‘them’, creating gaps between our close ones and the remote ones, the ‘others’ – even if they live next door. The human security discourse intends to break this spell. But can it? Can its conceptual universal- ‘ism’ be translated into practical policies that overcome the state- centric and ethnocentric ‘isms’ that so far have helped to shape and execute security policies worldwide? This book shows some remark- able forms of local human security policies (called human security from below), that have not yet been discussed in the wider literature on the subject. This book further elaborates the ongoing debate about top-down initiatives to transform traditional state security policies into human security policies. 9 The human security discourse as such dates back to the Human Development Report 1994 published by the United Nations Devel- opment Programme ( undp), subtitled: New Dimensions of Human Security. A year later the Commission on Global Governance (1995) elaborated the distinction between the security of states and the secu- rity of peoples (see also Lodgaard, 2004). The un and its institutions have often been successful ‘trendsetters’ in international discourse in the past, and over the years, the term ‘human security’ has achieved a status close to concepts such as ‘sustainability’ (coined by the World Commission on Environment and Development (wced) in 1987) and ‘good governance’ (coined by the World Bank in 1989). In some countries human security has led to reforms in military strategy (par- ticularly in Canada and Norway), while in other countries it has yet to even trigger a public debate [in the Netherlands, for example, so far only a few articles in the journal Vrede & Veiligheid and two books (Muller and De Gaay Fortman, 2004; Frerks and Klein Gol- dewijk, 2007) have appeared on the subject]. We think it should stir more discussion. Both in theory and in practice, the concept of human security indi- cates a shift in the main referent object of security. It is no longer the state we are concerned about (national or state security), nor tradi- tional warfare (military security). Security has to be about humanity at every level, on every scale: individuals, (small) groups, and the global population. Security has to be focused on ‘freedom from want and freedom from fear’, as it was originally described in the 1994 undp report, and on ‘the freedom of future generations to inherit a healthy environment,’ as un Secretary-General Kofi Annan (2001) added. ‘Human security can no longer be understood in purely mili- tary terms. Rather, it must encompass economic development, social justice, environmental protection, democratisation, disarmament, and respect for human rights and the rule of law’ (Annan, 2005). Is the shift inevitable? Do we have to change the way we study security concerns? Is the shift desirable? Do we want to change the way we practise security policies? It is important to find out whether human security will be a political buzzword or a paradigm shift in the global approach to conflict management. If the concept takes root, there are implications for international law (see chapters 2 and 3), for policy making and strategic thinking for the military and the police (chap- ters 4-6), and for reinterpreting security initiatives by existentially threatened local groups of people in conflict-ridden circumstances 10 the viability of human security (chapters 7-10). Last but not least, there are implications for the way we study security (chapter 11). We analyse human security from two perspectives: its quality as a concept in Security Studies (its theoretical value), and its quality as a policy device (its practical value). Opinions about its theoretical val- ue depend on one’s understanding of the international system. Have the combined effects of globalisation and the end of the Cold War rendered the traditional distinction between internal and external se- curity agendas obsolete to such an extent that traditional security agendas have lost their meaning? Advocates of the concept argue that state-centric analyses of ‘international’ security fall short of under- standing the contemporary dynamics of existential threats. Sceptics argue that the sovereign state nevertheless remains the focus of atten- tion: states or intergovernmental organisations, like the United Nations, are requested to adapt their policies. In contrast with this (often implicit) top-down approach, various chapters in this volume explore non-governmental human security policies. It can be hy- pothesised that these practices are symptoms of government failure or of government retraction in situations where the neo-liberal state imposes a strategy of ‘responsibilisation’: apparently, people have to take care of themselves in order to survive.