S. HRG. 107–537 S. 989: THE END RACIAL PROFILING ACT OF 2001 HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, FEDERALISM, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION AUGUST 1, 2001 Serial No. J–107–36 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 80–475 PDF WASHINGTON : 2002 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Feb 1 2002 14:50 Aug 09, 2002 Jkt 080475 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 C:\HEARINGS\80475.TXT SJUD4 PsN: CMORC COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah, JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware STROM THURMOND, South Carolina HERBERT KOHL, Wisconsin CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin JON KYL, Arizona CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York MIKE DEWINE, Ohio RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama MARIA CANTWELL, Washington SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas JOHN EDWARDS, North Carolina MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky BRUCE A. COHEN, Majority Chief Counsel and Staff Director SHARON PROST, Minority Chief Counsel MAKAN DELRAHIM, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, FEDERALISM, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin, Chairman PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont STROM THURMOND, South Carolina EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JON KYL, Arizona MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky ROBERT SCHIFF, Majority Chief Counsel GARRY MALPHRUS, Minority Chief Counsel (II) VerDate Feb 1 2002 14:50 Aug 09, 2002 Jkt 080475 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\HEARINGS\80475.TXT SJUD4 PsN: CMORC C O N T E N T S STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS Durbin, Hon. Richard J., a U.S. Senator from the State of Illinois .................... 9 Edwards, Hon. John, a U.S. Senator from the State of North Carolina ............. 22 Feingold, Hon. Russell D., a U.S. Senator from the State of Wisconsin ............. 1 Hatch, Hon. Orrin G., a U.S. Senator from the State of Utah ............................ 7 Kennedy, Hon. Edward M., a U.S. Senator from the State of Massachusetts ... 5 Schumer, Hon. Charles E., a U.S. Senator from the State of New York ............ 5 Sessions, Hon. Jeff, a U.S. Senator from the State of Alabama .......................... 64 Thurmond, Hon. Strom, a U.S. Senator from the State of South Carolina ........ 3 WITNESSES Archer, Hon. Dennis W., Mayor, City of Detroit, Michigan, and President, National League of Cities; accompanied by Hon. Olden Henson, City Coun- cil Member, Hayward, California ........................................................................ 24 Clinton, Hon. Hillary Rodham, a U.S. Senator from the State of New York ..... 16 Conyers, Hon. John, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the State of Michigan ............................................................................................................... 11 Corzine, Hon. Jon S., a U.S. Senator from the State of New Jersey ................... 14 Davis, Ronald L., Captain, Oakland Police Department, and Region VI Vice President, National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, Oakland, California .............................................................................................. 45 Fridell, Lorie, Research Director, Police Executive Research Forum, Wash- ington, D.C. ........................................................................................................... 49 Greenberg, Reuben M., Chief of Police, Charleston Police Department, Charleston, South Carolina ................................................................................. 42 Harris, David A., Balk Professor of Law and Values, University of Toledo College of Law, Toledo, Ohio ............................................................................... 58 Kelly, Raymond W., former Commissioner, United States Customs Service, and former Commissioner, New York City Police Department, New York, New York .............................................................................................................. 38 Shays, Hon. Christopher, a Representative in Congress from the State of Connecticut ........................................................................................................... 20 Young, Steve, National Vice President, Fraternal Order of Police, Washington, D.C. ........................................................................................................................ 30 SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD American Civil Liberties Union, Washington, D.C., letter and attachment ....... 77 Angela Davis Cop Watch and the Campaign Against Racial Profiling, Mil- waukee, Wisconsin, statement ............................................................................ 85 Asian Emancipation Project: Wisconsin Asian American Women’s Network, Madison, Wisconsin, statement and attachments ............................................. 86 Butterfield, Fox, New York Times, July 30, 2001, article .................................... 89 Clegg, Roger, National Review, June 29, 2001, article ......................................... 92 Cole, David and Lamberth, John, New York Times, May 13, 2001, article ....... 93 Derbyshire, John, National Review, February 19, 2001, article .......................... 94 Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association, Washington, D.C., statement .............................................................................................................. 98 International Association of Chiefs of Police, Alexandria, Virginia, statement . 98 Kersten, Katherine, Weekly Standard, August 20-27, 2001, article ................... 100 Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Washington, D.C., July 31, 2001, letter ...................................................................................................................... 103 Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Washington, D.C., July 31, 2001, letter ............................................................................................. 103 (III) VerDate Feb 1 2002 14:50 Aug 09, 2002 Jkt 080475 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\HEARINGS\80475.TXT SJUD4 PsN: CMORC IV Page Montgomery, Lori, Washington Post, June 28, 2001, article ............................... 105 Morin, Richard and Cottman, Michael H., Washington Post, June 22, 2001, article .................................................................................................................... 108 National Association of Police Organizations, Inc., Washington, D.C., state- ment ...................................................................................................................... 110 National Council of La Raza, Washington, D.C., statement ................................ 112 National Troopers Coalition, Albany, New York, letter ....................................... 119 Sachs, Susan, New York Times, May 1, 2001, article .......................................... 119 Seaton, Jimmy L., Director, Daleville Department of Public Safety, Daleville, Alabama, letter ..................................................................................................... 122 Serrie, Jonathan, Fox News, July 27, 2001, article .............................................. 123 Taylor, Stuart, Jr., National Journal, April 24, 1999, article .............................. 124 Tucker, William, Weekly Standard, June 18, 2001, article ................................. 125 Victims of Crime and Leniency, Montgomery, Alabama, July 31, 2001, letter .. 129 Will, George F., Washington Post, April 19, 2001, article ................................... 130 VerDate Feb 1 2002 14:50 Aug 09, 2002 Jkt 080475 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\HEARINGS\80475.TXT SJUD4 PsN: CMORC S. 989: THE END RACIAL PROFILING ACT OF 2001 WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 2001 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, FEDERALISM, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS, COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, Washington, D.C. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:03 a.m., in room SD–226, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Russ Feingold, Chairman of the Subcommittee, Presiding. Present: Senators Feingold, Schumer, Durbin, Edwards, Thur- mond, Hatch, and Sessions. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF WISCONSIN Chairman FEINGOLD. I call the Subcommittee to order. Good morning, all of you, and welcome to the Constitution Subcommit- tee’s hearing on S. 989, the End Racial Profiling Act of 2001. This is the second hearing on the subject of racial profiling that this Subcommittee has held in the past 2 years. The first, in March 2000, was chaired by then-Senator and now Attorney General John Ashcroft. Attorney General Ashcroft has said that the hearing was instrumental in shaping his view that racial profiling is not only wrong, it is also unconstitutional. President Bush has also spoken out against racial profiling, first during the campaign and Presidential debates, and then in his first address to the Congress back in February. There, the President said, ‘‘Earlier today, I asked John Ashcroft, the Attorney General, to develop specific recommendations to end racial profiling. It’s wrong and we will end it in America.’’ Our first hearing on racial profiling focused on the