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B 1 In England, 4a. Bd.J BENGAL DISTRICT GAZETTEERS. RAJSHAHI BY ~ L. S. S. O'MALLEY, INDIAN CIVIL SE.RVICE. CALCUTTA: ... BENGAL SECRETARIAT BOO'K DEPOT. 1916. PLAN OF CONTENTS. - --+-- CHAPTER . PAGB. I. PHYSICAL ASPECTS 1 II. HISTORY 23 III. THE PEOPLE ... 49 IY. PUBL~C HEALTH . .. 67 V. AGRICULTURE 75 - VI. NATURAL CALAMITIES ... 87 VII. RENTS, WAGES AND PRICES -9! VIII. INDUSTRIES AND TRADE - 103 IX.. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 113 X. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATIOX 119 XI. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION 128 XII. THE GANJA l'J.AHAL 134: XIII. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT 145 XIV. EDUCATION ... 14S XV. GAZETTEER . ... 154 INDEX 193 ·~· TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PhYsical ' Aspects. GENERAL .DESCRIP'riON-Derivation of name-Boundaries-:Natural divi­ sions-Barind-Hiparian tract-The /,il area-Scenery-Marsh- ./ . es or bUs--Uhalau Bil-LINES OF DRAINAGE-RIVER SYSTEM- ' Ganges or PaJma-Oharll or diaras-~lahananda-Atrai and Gur­ Jamuna-Baral-Nandakuja...... and Gmnaui -.Musakhan or Gadai - Baralai-Niirad-GEOLoGY-llOTA NY-FAUN A--Mam mala-.--Birds -FiHh-Heptiles-CLIMATE-WinJ:>-Temperature-Rainfall 1-22 CHAPTE.R II. ··Ustory. EARLY HrsTORY-PALA KINGs-Gopala, 750 A.D.-Dhat·mapala, 800 A.D. -Devapala-Mongolian interregnum-Mahipala 980;-1030 A.D.­ A popular rebellion-Ramapala, 1084-1130 A.D.- Administration of the Palas-THE SENA . KINGS-MUHAMMADAN RuLE-RAJA KANS OR GANEsn-A HINDU HEVIVAL-A HJNDU CouRT-MUGHAL' GovERNORs-Rise of the Nator Raj -MARATHA RAIDS-EARLY ENGLISH ADMINISTRATION--LawlessneRs of the «;JOUntry:_Police. administration-FORMATION OF THE DISTRI<h-THE · MUTINY- ARCH.IEOLOGY 23-48 , CHAPTER Ill. Tha People. GROWTH OF POPULATION-DENSITY-MIGRATION-TOWNS AND VILLAGES__: RELIGIONs-Animists-Christians-Muhammadans-IIinds. castes -Brahmans-CASTE Go\TERNMENT-Baishnab-Kaibartta-Muchi­ Narnasudra-Rajbansi-Dhii.wa-Jolaha-Kulu--Sheikh--MuHAM­ MADAN SEcTs-SoME 'Low MusALMAN CLASSEs-SoME MUHAM­ MADAN MARRiAGE CUSTOMS-OTHER CUSTOMS-Ali>SOCIATI()NS AND NEWSPAFERS .,. 49-66 X TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. Public Health. PAGES. GJ£NERAL CONDITIO~S-U!'!HEALTHr AREAs-UNHEALTHY SEASONS- FE\"ER SEASO~S-TYPES OF FEVER-DISPENSARIES-VACCINATION- INFIB:MITJES - . ... 67-74 CHAPTER V. Agriculture. ' .J'ENEBAL CONDITIO!\S-EXTENSION OJ' CULTIVATION-SOJLS-AGRICUJ.­ TURAL CALENDAR-PRINCIPAL CROP&-Aman or winter rice-Aus­ rict>-Boro rice-Uainfall-Disposal of the crop.-Jnte-Ralii crops -Oil t~eedtJ-:-Sngarcaue-Mulberry cultivation-Pan rlantations_:. Other crops-A.GRICULTURAL FAR:M-V'ETERINABY RELIEF-SEBICUL- 'fURE ... 75-86 CHAPTER VI. Natural calamities.' LIABILITY, TO FAMJNF.-FAMINE Oli' 1769-7(}-li'AlV'INF. OF 1874-FAMINE OP 11197-SrA.RCITY OF 1908-09-FLOODS-EARTHQUAKE OF 1897 ••• 87-93 CHAPTER -VII. Rents~ wages and Prices. RE~TS-PBODUCE RENTB-~-J bi.Cabs-ENHANCEMEN1 OF RENTB-PRICES- W A.GES-GE~ERAL CO~CLUSIO:XS ••• 94-102 CHAPTER VIII. andustries and Trade. 0ccUPATIONS-INDUS1'RlAL CENSt:'S-bDl:"STBIES-Sugar nJiiJs-Brass and hell-metal-Fisheries-Silk manufacture-Kluimru silk-Jfath·a silk--other iudustries-Indigo-TRADE-Melas and hats • ..... j03- 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER IX. Means of Communication. PAGES. HAILWAYS-ROAIJS-Nator road-Nahata 1:oad-.Malda road-Pabna road --Dinajpur road-Bo~.ra road-\VATEB COMMUNLCATIONR-Steamer service:.~-Boats ..... ~ •• 113-118 CHAPTER X. Land Revenue Administration. RKVEI\UE HISTORY-GOVERNIIIEN'f ESTITES-HEN'f-]!'R~;E 'fENURES- A i'l&as-1-'irpiil-Debottctr, brahmottar, bhugottar aud mahattran­ Service tenures-Hebas-HENT rAYING TENUREs-J>atni tenures­ Other teuureR-Jfu~uri jot-Siinkarii1·i-Blliig-klliijana-LAND- LORDB AND TE~ANTS J19-127 CHAPTER. XI. General Administration. ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES AND STAFF-PUBLIC \VORKS DEPART'\IENT-. ADliiNISTRATION OF JUSTICE-?OLICE--JAILS -REGISTRATION- EXCISI£-JNCOME-TAX ... ti8-t33 CHAPTER XII. The GanJa Mahal- . G gN ERA L-CULTl VA TIO~-The n nrsery-Thlj fields-'fransp!autation­ Subsequent treatmeut-Eiimination of the male· plant~-MANUFAO= TURE-The Chiitars-Flat oiinja-Rouud giinja -Di~posal of sticks, leaf and seeds-ADliHNlSTRA'IION-CUL'fiVATORS. • •• ] 34.-144 CHAPTER XIII. Local Self-Government • • DISTRICT B:1ARD-LooAL BoAnos-MuNICII'ALITlES-Rampm· Boalia__:. Nator uo 145-147 . ,· xii TABLE 01!, CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIV. Education. I'AGES. LlTKBACY-EDUCATIONAL I!ITAJ'J'- EDUCA"fiONAL' INSTITUTIONS-Rijshahi- College-Attached institutions-Secondary schools-Primary schools -JudustriaJschooJs-other schools-FEMALE EDUCATION-EDUCA- TION OJ' MUHAMMADANS 148-153 CHAPTER XV. Gazetteer. Badalgachhi-Ba.~atipara--Bagha--Balihii.r-Bhandarpur--Bilmaria­ Dayarampur--Dighapatia--DubalLati--Godagari--Gurudaspur- ...... • · Kalam .-Kasimpur-Khetur-Kusumba-Lakshmanhati-Lilpur-· Mah~debpur-llalanchi-Manda-Manda · (Thaknr)-Naogaon­ N~&ogaoo Subdivililon~-Nator-Nator Sul>Jivision--Niamatpur­ Pah~rpur-Pa nan agar-Puthia-Raja pur-Rirupur Boalia-Ram pur Boalia S.IbJivi.:~ion-Sardah~Tiihirpur-Thii.kur 1\l:inda ••• 154-191 INDEX .•• 193-197 193 INDEX. A. Barga sy:>tem, 95. r Barind, 2, 3, 17, 18, 47, 48,.51, 1g, Al.Ual>~, 65. 88. I Abuxibs, 95-98, 126. Baruipara Kila, 163. A clltidars, 95. Bedias, 65. Admini:-!tration, lan1l revenue, -119- BehedayatiP.s, 63. 127; general, 128-133; Ganja Belgharia, 109. :Mahal, 141- 14 3. Bell-metal manufacture, lOG. AJministrati\·e charge::~ and staff, 44, Bengari, 118. 45, 128. Bhiidai crops, 78. Aghani cropR, 78. Bhadai river, 5. Agricnltnral farm, fl5. 11hiig-khiijana, 94, 124. .A~riculture, 75-86, 103. Bhaudarpur, 158. AhmaJia~. 64. Bhar, 76, 87. Aimas, 122. Bhaturia, 1, 29. Alaipur, 177. Bhima, 27. A man rice, 78, 79. · Rhor1ottar, 1_22. Andarkutha, 55. Bichiirs, 125. Anirnitits, 54, 55. Bilmaria, 159. Archreology, 46-48. BUs, 4, 5, 76. Asariadaha, 12. Birds, 19. Associations, 66. Biyaghat, 163. Atr:u, 105, 113, 131. Blindness, 7 4. Atrai river, 6, 14. Boats, 118. Aus rice, 79. Bogra road, 116 •. Boro rice, 80. B. Botany, 16, 17. Boundaries of dis~rict, 2. Bada1g1ichhi, 154. Bagatipara, 154. Brahmans, 56, 57.­ Bagha, 154-156. BrahmfJttat·, 122. Brass manufacture, 106. B1i.~n1ira. 16. Baishnabs; 58. Buddhism, 28. Balihar. 156-158. Bulanpur, 179. Banganga, 7. Bansphor>~, 64. c. Bara Kothi, 179-182. Calamities, natural, 87-93. Baral river, 15. Castes, 56-61. Bilralai river, 15. Census statistics, 49-56. 0 194 INDEX. Chakrampor, 168. Emigrants, 52. · Chalan Bil. 5-9•. Estates, 120. Cnanchkhoir, 163. Excise, 133. Oharis, 118. Ohar1, 12, 13, 88• F. Ohiitar., 137, 138. ~.. actories, 105. Chaugram, 47, 71, 117, 151. Failam, 6. d1ankidars, 129. i .. akirni river: 16. · Christians, 55. Famine!:!, 88-9'2 ; prices in, 100. Civil Courts, 129. Farazis. 63. Climate, 21, 22. Farm, agricultural~ 85. Cot'ege, Rajsl•ahi, 149, 150. 1 Fauna, 17-20. Collegiate School, 151 Female education, 152. Comm~rce, 1.1 1. Ferries, Di.;trict Board, 14.5. Communications, 113-118, Fever, 7Q-72 . Cotton weaving, 111. Filatures, :::,ilk, 105, 108, 109. Criminal Courts, 128. Fish, 20. Crops, 71-85. Fisheries, 103, 107. Cultivation, 75-86. Flood,;, 9.:!. D. G. Dafadars,.129. Gadai river, 15. • - . Dakra, 84·, 110. Game birds, 19. Dayarampur, 15.9. Ganesh.Raja., 29-33 Debottar, 122 • Ganges river,. 9-12. .pensity of population, 5 J. Ganja cultivation and manufacture, Dhawas, 60 134-141. Diaras,._12, 13, 88.