The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI): Future of Time Series and Real-Time Monitoring 1 2 1 Orest E. Kawka , Kendra L. Daly , and Deborah S. Kelley , Regional Scale Nodes (OOI) 1School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; 2College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL Global Scale Nodes (GSN) OOI Program OOI Timetable – Marine Infrastructure Installation 2013 Summer: Hydrate Ridge – Seafloor Instruments at Southern Hydrate Summit and Slope Base The GSN is the global component of OOI and its sites are situated in high-latitude areas The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is an NSF program funded to provide long-term (≥25 years) and synoptic Axial Seamount – Seafloor Instruments at Summit of Axial Seamount (see Fig. 1): Irminger Sea (2800 m), Argentine Basin (5200 m), Southern Ocean (4800 m), measurements of physical, chemical, geological, and biological variables in the oceans and at the seafloor at key world sites (see Endurance Array (Oregon Line) – Benthic Experiment Packages (BEPs) and Station Papa (4250 m). Surface and flanking moorings with instruments at fixed Fig. 1). The networked infrastructure of science-based instrumented systems will address six major science themes: Station Papa Array depths, wire-following and surface-piercing profilers, and gliders will populate the sites • Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange Fall: Endurance Array (Oregon Line) – Profiler/Mooring Subset-1 and Gliders (6) with identical distributions at all sites other than Station Papa (see Fig. 1 and • Climate Variablility, Ocean Crculation, and Ecosystems Winter: Pioneer Array – Profiler/Mooring Subset-1 and Gliders (6) enlargements). The instruments on the various platforms are summarized in Table 1. • Turbulent Mixing and Biophysical Interactions 2014 Spring: Endurance Array (Oregon Line) – Profiler/Mooring Subset-2 • Coastal Ocean Dynamics and Ecosystems Endurance Array (Washington Line) – Profiler/Mooring Subset-1 • Fluid-Rock Interactions and Sub-Seafloor Biosphere Table 1a Station Papa, Irminger Sea, Argentine Basin, Southern Ocean Summer: Irminger Sea Array • Plate-Scale Geodynamics PROFILERS and GLIDERS Pioneer Array – Profiler/Mooring Subset-2 and AUV/Dock(1) Hydrate Ridge Region – Profiler/Mooring and Seafloor Instruments at Slope Base Instrument Surface-Piercing Wire-Following Glider Manufacturer/ The OOI marine infrastructure comprises three highly-instrumented observation systems functioning across multiple scales: Type Profiler (SPP) Profiler (WFP) (GL) Model Axial Seamount – Profiler/Mooring and Seafloor Instruments at Base Global Scale Nodes (GSN) at four high-latitude sites – Station Papa, Irminger Sea, Argentine Basin, and Southern ~240 to 2400 Fall: Endurance Array (Oregon Line) – Profiler/Mooring Subset-3 SS to GL: Sea-Bird GPCTD Ocean; CTD SS to 150 3900 (Pap) Endurance Array (Washington Line) – Profiler/Mooring Subset-2 1000 Others: tbd Coastal Scale Nodes (CSN) with arrays in the NE Pacific (Endurance Array) and mid-Atlantic (Pioneer Array); 4400 (Arg) Pioneer Array – AUV(2) and Dock(1) Regional Scale Nodes with a cabled high-power and high-bandwidth network spanning the Juan de Fuca Plate off ~240 to 2400 GL: Aanderaa Optode 2015 Winter: Argentine Basin Array Dissolved O SS to the Oregon and Washington coast. 2 SS to 150 3900 (Pap) 4831 Stable Response 1000 Southern Ocean Array 4400 (Arg) Others: tbd These marine components will be integrated into a single ocean observatory through a unique and overarching Further details and up-to-date deployment and commissioning info are at www.oceanobservatories.org. pCO2 Water SS to 150 – – tbd cyberinfrastructure, OOI Integrated Observatory Network (ION), providing full connectivity and control/coordination of the Optical Nitrate SS to 150 – – tbd instrumentation as well as direct and free access (24/7) to the data for any user with internet connectivity. ~240 to 2400 GL: WET Labs ECO 2-Wavelength SS to SS to 150 3900 (Pap) Triplet Fluorometer 1000 With initial data streams envisioned for late summer 2013 (see OOI Timetable) and full system commissioning in 2015, the OOI 4400 (Arg) Others: tbd will soon provide the ocean science community with continuous, high-quality, and easily accessible time-series data. Long-term DISCLAIMER: Absorption SS to 150 – – tbd and synoptic datasets with real-time monitoring and event response will allow scientists to conduct high-resolution and long- Spectrophotometer duration studies gaining transformational insight into ocean-atmosphere processes. All data are subject to revision without notice; exact locations of mooring sites are not yet finalized; exact depths of Spectral Irradiance SS to 150 – – tbd instruments will be determined at the time of deployment. ~240 to 2400 Velocity Meter – 3900 (Pap) – tbd (3D Single Point) 4400 (Arg) Figure 3a Schematic depicting Oregon Line of the Endurance Bio-acoustic 150 Fixed – – tbd Coastal Scale Nodes (GSN) Array, location as indicated in Fig. 1 inset. Figure 1 The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) infrastructure provides a network of scientific instrumentation Sonar (uplooking) at key sites. Inset details the cabled Regional Scale Nodes (RSN), with subsites at Axial Volcano and Hydrate Arg = Argentine Basin Depth range in meters below sea surface (SS) The CSN component of OOI consists of the Endurance and Ridge, and Endurance Array off the Oregon and Washington Coast. Pap = Station Papa – = not present; tbd = to be determined Pioneer Arrays on the NE Pacific and mid-Atlantic coasts, respectively (see Fig. 1). These arrays are composed of site- specific combinations of EOM surface moorings, surface-piercing and wire-following profilers, gliders, and AUVs (see Figs. 3 and Table 1b Irminger Sea, Argentine Basin, Southern Ocean 4). Approximate water column depths are presented in Table 4, SURFACE MOORINGS and instruments are summarized in Table 5. Instrument Surface Manufacturer/Model Type Mooring (SM) tbd = to be determined Bulk Table 4 Pioneer and Endurance Array Moorings and Profiler Meteorological ~3 m above SS Star Engineering ASIMET WATER COLUMN DEPTHS (APPROXIMATE) Sensor Package Mooring or Profiler Endurance Direct Covariance Pioneer Array ~3 m above SS tbd Location Array Flux (High Power) pCO2 Air-Sea Inshore Surface Mooring and Surface- SS Pro-Oceanus pCO2-pro 25 m 92 m Interface Piercing Profiler Surface Central Inshore Profiler – 125 m SS Axys Technologies TRIAXYS Graphic by Oregon State University Wave Spectra Central Surface Mooring and 80 m (Shelf) 135 m Pumped CTD 15 Sea-Bird SBE 16plusV2 Surface-Piercing Profiler 20;40,60;90;130 Moored CTD Central Offshore Profiler – 150 m 180;250;350;500 Sea-Bird SBE 37IM (Inductive) 500 m (WA Line) 750;1000;1500 Offshore Surface Mooring and Profiler 450 m Figure 3b Schematic depicting Washington Line of the 600 m (OR Line) Endurance Array, location as indicated in Fig. 1 inset. Seawater pH 20;100 Sunburst SAMI-pH – = not present Graphic by Woods Hole 3- Wavelength Oceanographic Institution 15 WET Labs ECO Triplet-w Fluorometer Velocity Meter Table 5a Pioneer and Endurance Array 15 Nortek Aquadopp 300 m (Single Point) SURFACE MOORINGS and/or BENTHIC PACKAGES 500 Teledyne RDI Workhorse Surface Mooring Velocity Profiler Instrument Manufacturer/Model (uplooking) LongRanger Sentinel 75 kHz Instrumented Type tbd = to be determined Depths Depth range in meters below sea surface (SS) unless otherwise indicated Bulk Meteorological ~3 m above SS Star Engineering ASIMET Sensor Package Direct Covariance ~3 m above SS tbd Flux (High Power) Table 1c Station Papa, Irminger Sea, Argentine Basin, Southern Ocean pCO Air-Sea 2 SS Pro-Oceanus pCO2-pro FLANKING MOORINGS Interface Surface Instrument Flanking SS Axys Technologies TRIAXYS Manufacturer/Model Wave Spectra* Type Mooring Graphic by Oregon State University 30;40;60;90;130 Pumped CTD 5; 2 m above bottom Sea-Bird SBE 16plusV2 Moored CTD 180;250;350;500 Sea-Bird SBE 37IM Dissolved O (Inductive) 2 5; 2 m above bottom Aanderaa Optode 4831 750;1000;1500 Stable Response Dissolved O 2 40 Aanderaa Optode 4831 pCO2 Water 2 m above bottom SAMI-pCO2 Figure 4 Schematic depicting the Pioneer Array situated on the Stable Response Seawater pH 5; 2 m above bottom Sunburst SAMI-pH mid-Atlantic coast (see Fig. 1). Seawater pH 40 Sunburst SAMI-pH 3- Wavelength Optical Nitrate 5 Satlantic ISUS 40 WET Labs ECO Triplet-w Fluorometer 3- Wavelength 5 WET Labs ECO Triplet-w 500 Teledyne RDI Workhorse Fluorometer Velocity Profiler (uplooking) LongRanger Sentinel 75 kHz Absorption 5; 2 m above bottom Wet Labs AC-S Spectrophotometer Graphic by Woods Hole Depth range in meters below sea surface (SS) unless otherwise indicated Oceanographic Institution Spectral Irradiance 5 Satlantic OCR507 ICSW Velocity Meter 5; 2 m above bottom Nortek Aquadopp 300 m (Single Point) Regional Scale Nodes (RSN) Table 3 Axial Base 3A (~2610 m), Hydrate Slope Base 1A ( ~2930 m), Endurance Array Offshore (600 m) Teledyne RDI Workhorse Velocity Profiler bottom SHALLOW AND DEEP PROFILERS , and 200 M MOORING PLATFORM Monitor 150 kHz; LongRanger (short or long range) (uplooking) The RSN is the cabled component of the OOI and is the first U.S. Ocean Observatory to fully span a Sentinel 75 kHz (Offshore mooring) Instrument Shallow Profiler Deep Profiler Mooring tectonic plate. Through the use of high-power (10 kV DC, 8 kW) and high-bandwidth (10 GbE) 200 m Platform Type (NSS to 200 m) (200 m to NSF) Seafloor Velocity Profiler† 5 m Teledyne RDI Workhorse backbone cables, the RSN will provide unprecedented power, communication,