ThePARIJournal A quarterly publication of the Ancient Cultures Institute Volume XVII, No. 2, Fall 2016 In This Issue: Sharper than a Serpent’s Tooth: Sharper than a ATaleof the Snake-head Dynasty Serpent’s Tooth: A Tale of the Snake- as Recounted on Xunantunich Panel 4 head Dynasty as Recounted on CHRISTOPHE HELMKE Xunantunich Panel 4 University of Copenhagen by JAIME J. AWE Christophe Helmke and Northern Arizona University Jaime J. Awe PAGES 1–22 Good things come in twos or threes, or so seventh century. Considering the impor- • the saying goes, and this has certainly been tance of the find, we promptly prepared a Polities and the case with the discoveries made during paper and were fortunate to see it rapidly Places: Tracing the this past field season at the archaeological to press (Helmke and Awe 2016). Just five Toponyms of the site of Xunantunich in Belize. In June of this weeks later, a matching Panel 4 was found Snake Dynasty year, an important hieroglyphic panel was as two conjoining fragments at the base by unearthed, which we designated Panel of a pyramidal structure that concealed Simon Martin and Erik 3. Surprisingly, this panel was not raised a large vaulted royal tomb within. As if Velásquez García by the rulers of Xunantunich themselves these finds were not significant enough, PAGES 23–33 but had been hauled from another site in the glyphs of the new panel convey vital • antiquity. Based on the type of stone, the historical information concerning the style, and the execution of the glyphs, it Snake-head dynasty that dominated The Syllabic Sign clearly once formed part of a much larger the lowland Maya political arena in the we and an Apologia hieroglyphic stair raised by K’an II, one seventh century. Here we present an for Delayed of the dominant kings of Caracol in the analysis of Panel 4 (Figure 1), building Decipherment by Marc Zender Dmitri Beliaev and Albert Davletshin PAGES 35–56 Marc Zender Editor [email protected] Joel Skidmore Associate Editor [email protected] The PARI Journal 202 Edgewood Avenue San Francisco, CA 94117 415-664-8889 [email protected] Electronic version available at: www.precolumbia.org/ pari/journal/1702 Figure 1. Detail of the newly discovered Panel 4 at Xunantunich ISSN 1531-5398 (photo: Robert Mark and Evelyn Billo). The PARI Journal 17(2):1-22 © 2016 Ancient Cultures Institute 1 Helmke and Awe Sharper than a Serpent’s Tooth on the earlier study of Panel 3 (Helmke and Awe 2016). capital of the world since more obelisks stand in that and ritual paraphernalia brought home by triumphantly re- We will also review the chronology of the narrative great metropolis than in Egypt itself (Sorek 2010; Clayton turning Mexica armies.” As such it served as a type of Aztec of the hieroglyphic stair as a whole, in order to better 1994:114). At least five Egyptian obelisks were trans- Pantheon, much akin to that built by the Romans. To this we situate Panels 3 and 4. The glyphic text of Panel 4 is ported to Rome in antiquity, starting with those of Seti I should also add the capturing of deity effigies by the Maya analyzed, and we discuss syntactical and poetic features and Psammetichus II, shipped to Rome in 10 BC on the during battles, as first identified by Simon Martin (1996). From in relation to other similar texts in the Maya lowlands, command of Augustus (Laistner 1921; Scarre 1995:20). both epigraphic and iconographic sources we know that the drawing particular parallels with the texts of Calakmul. Honoring this tradition, the later Emperor Constantius large palanquins, or litters, upon which kings were carried into Before we do so, however, we will delve briefly into the II had a pair of obelisks of Thuthmosis III transported to battle also bore great deity effigies, serving as protective deities historical background behind the hieroglyphic stair that Rome and to the new capital Constantinople in AD 357 looking over the welfare of both the king and his armies. In these panels once formed a part of, the king who raised (Safran 1993; Scarre 1995:224). Interestingly, these obe- humiliating defeats these palanquins were seized by victors the monument, and the interactions between the site of lisks were re-erected to commemorate the ventennalia, or and marched triumphantly through the capital, a foreign de- Caracol and some of its friends and foes. twenty-year jubilee, of Constantius on the throne. ity now smiling upon the victorious king. As we can see there On December 7, AD 642, K’an II officiated over the A particularly consequential and poignant military are a great many points of equivalence here, and paramount rituals surrounding the half-k’atun period ending of action is that which culminated in the despoilment of among these is the forceful acquisition of statuary representing 9.10.10.0.0. It is on this date that he dedicated the great Herod’s great temple in Jerusalem, the ritual objects deities, as if the victors could accrue more divine protection by hieroglyphic stair that committed to stone the past borne into Rome as part of a triumphal procession cel- accumulating divinities in their midst and even naturalizing twenty years of his rulership. The reign of this Caracol ebrated by Titus and his father Vespasian in the summer conquered deities. With this overview we hope to give a sense king lasted from 618 to 658 and ushered in a period of of AD 71 (Scarre 1995:75). This triumph is celebrated on of the proclivity of victorious armies to forcibly acquire monu- greatness and stability for the dynasty and the site as a the Arch of Titus at the Via Sacra, where we can still see ments of conquered states, to better contextualize the Maya in- whole (Martin and Grube 2000:91-92). This king, much Roman soldiers bearing the great golden candelabrum stance involving the hieroglyphic stair of K’an II. Establishing as his father before him, maintained close ties to his or Menorah (Holloway 1987:Fig. 3). The plunder of this precedent, we surmise that additional instances exist that overlords, the kings of the Snake-head dynasty. In fact, Israel was eventually housed in the Temple to Mars Ultor have yet to be identified. whereas the accession of K’an II in 618 was supervised by (“Mars the Avenger”), a structure raised by Augustus However, we must also point out that martial action is the triadic patron deities of Caracol, it would seem that to accommodate the sacred objects of conquered states, not the only explanation for the transportation of monuments he underwent another investiture the following year, where victorious generals dedicated their spoils to Mars across the landscape. For instance, Stela 9 at Calakmul is under the auspices of the Snake-head king Yuhkno’m (e.g., Barchiesi 2002). made of dark gray slate, which does not occur geologically in Ti’ Chan (Simon Martin, personal communication 2005; As is well known, victorious armies frequently re- Campeche (Ruppert and Denison 1943:Plate 48; Graham and Martin 2009). The accession of the successor of the sort to looting in addition to the displacement of larger Williams 1971: 163-165; Marcus 1987: 139) (Figure 2).1 In con- Snake-head dynasty, Tajo’m Uk’ab K’ahk’ is also duti- monuments at the behest of their leaders. Thus Rome trast, at Caracol, located 165 km to the south, on the margins of fully recorded in 622, as is the receipt of a gift, possibly was not spared by the Vandal looting in the mid-fifth the Maya Mountains, slate abounds and monuments made of a headdress or deity effigy, from the same king in 627 century, nor was Constantinople when it was sacked this material were raised at the site between the sixth and eighth (Martin and Grube 2000:92; Grube and Martin 2004:70- by the Crusaders in 1204. Moving some centuries centuries (Beetz and Satterthwaite 1981:56, 74). Considering the 71). These diplomatic ties were closely followed by forward, we can also cite the monuments removed to close ties between Caracol and Calakmul it seems most likely offensive actions against the city of Naranjo in both 626 Paris during the Napoleonic wars. Prominent among that the slab of slate from which Stela 9 was carved was gifted and 631, her monarch having repudiated fealty to the these is the great bronze Quadriga that once graced the to Yuhkno’m Ch’een II around AD 658 by the newly enthroned Snake-head kings. As reprisals to these martial actions, top of the triumphal arch known as the Brandenburg K’ahk’ Ujo’l K’inich II. Upon its arrival to Calakmul, Yuhkn’om we read of reversals of fortune, with a decisive attack in Gate in Berlin (ironically, it was originally named the Ch’een used the slate stela to commemorate the period ending 680 wherein Caracol suffered a major loss at the hands of Friedenstor, or “Arch of Peace”). This Quadriga repre- of 9.11.10.0.0 (August 24, 662) and to promote the cause of his Naranjo (Martin and Grube 2000:95; Grube and Martin sents the personification of victory riding in a chariot successor Yuhkn’om Yich’aak K’ahk’, whose image was carved 2004:107-108). It is probably as part of this attack that drawn by four horses, echoing the Roman triumphal on its front face (Martin 2009). This case makes it clear that monuments at Caracol were splintered and obliterated, practice. Napoleon having conquered Prussia, it was monuments, or at least great stone slabs, were transported over including Stela 3, also raised by K’an II, and most of his not deemed apt for the Quadriga to remain in Berlin, large distances and represent favorable diplomatic relations.