Built for Extraction: Dependence, Sovereignty and Development in Timor-Leste Terese Geraghty The University of Adelaide Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, July, 2019. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in International Development Studies at the University of Adelaide. Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 4 List of Photographs .................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Originality Declaration ............................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 9 Prelude: What is in a name? .................................................................................................... 11 Prologue ................................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 17 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 17 The Promise of ‘Development’ ............................................................................................ 19 ‘Extraction’ as a Conceptual Framework for Development Studies .................................... 22 Theoretical Propositions of ‘Extraction’ ............................................................................... 25 Extraction as Capital Allocation and Appropriation ............................................................. 27 Historical Considerations and Extraction in Timor-Leste ..................................................... 29 Social Injustice and Ineffective Governance as a Consequence of Extraction .................... 31 Thesis Road Map .................................................................................................................. 33 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 2 Critical Positioning and Context .............................................................................. 39 Francisco .............................................................................................................................. 39 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 41 The discipline of Development Studies ................................................................................ 42 ‘Hello Missus’: Another malae arrives in Timor-Leste ......................................................... 43 My Positioning ...................................................................................................................... 49 Decolonising Development .................................................................................................. 50 Webs of Significance ............................................................................................................ 55 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 62 Ikun ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 3 Traders to Aiders: The Path to Independence ........................................................ 64 Sophia ................................................................................................................................... 64 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 64 Portuguese Times: Roots in Empire (1702 – 1974) .............................................................. 66 Indonesian Times: Delayed Decolonisation (1975 – 1999) .................................................. 68 Transition Times: Towards Independence (1999-2002) ...................................................... 75 Viva Timor-Leste: A State of Aid Dependence (2002 – 2006) .............................................. 78 Extraction and Being in ‘Dependence’ ................................................................................. 83 Dependency Theory: (Re)Visited, (Re)Conceptualised ........................................................ 88 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 93 Ikun ....................................................................................................................................... 94 Chapter 4 Aid to oil: Financing Timor-Leste ............................................................................ 95 Avelino .................................................................................................................................. 95 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 97 Aid to Oil ............................................................................................................................... 99 Resource Curse ................................................................................................................... 101 The Petroleum Fund and the EITI ...................................................................................... 103 The Anatomy and Rise of the Oil Complex in Timor-Leste ................................................ 108 Implications of an Oil Complex: New Governable Spaces ................................................. 111 The Political Landscape and Instability in 2006 - 2008 ...................................................... 114 The State During and After the Conflict ............................................................................. 119 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 122 Ikun ..................................................................................................................................... 123 Chapter 5 Maubere Nation, UN State: Identity and Sovereignty in Timor-Leste .................. 124 Julia ..................................................................................................................................... 124 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 124 Maubere Nation and National Identity .............................................................................. 126 Religion and Resistance...................................................................................................... 127 Guerrillas as Governors ...................................................................................................... 133 UN State and Sovereignty: Building the Road to Extraction .............................................. 134 Ruling the Land: Territorial Sovereignty and National Self-Determination ....................... 139 Legitimacy and Legitimate Power ...................................................................................... 142 Timor-Leste as a Disruption to Traditional Statehood ....................................................... 146 The Sum of its Parts ........................................................................................................... 148 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 149 2 Ikun ..................................................................................................................................... 150 Chapter 6 A Quiet Giant: Tasi Mane ...................................................................................... 151 Juvenal ................................................................................................................................ 151 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 152 Build to Grow: Infrastructure for Development ................................................................ 155 Tasi Mane: The Invisible Centrepiece of Development ..................................................... 159 Pitching Hopes and the Potential of Poverty: The Costs and Benefits of Tasi Mane ........ 164 Mind the Gap: Fighting for the Right to Benefit from Extraction ...................................... 167 Spies and Allies behind a Quiet Giant ................................................................................ 171 Tasi Mane Understood as ‘Visible Sovereignty’ ................................................................. 173 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................