The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273 to 1602 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 9th October 2013. This version 09:00 BST 7th July 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 FORWARD IN TIME Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764-1815 Part 7 - Economic Wars, 1816-1869 Part 8 - The War Machines, 1870-1894 Part 9 - Insults at the Weigh-In, 1895-1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1915 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1916 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1917 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1918 Part 11 - Deception as a Profession, 1919 to date ********** THE HABSBURGS ARE BORN ********** 1273 [24th October] Having intrigued wisely for 30 years, Rudolph I, Count of Habsburg [<=1255] is now elected and crowned "King of the Romans". [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1274 The Siege of Sijilmasa: This siege is fought out as part of the Marinid-Almohad struggle for the control of Morocco between a besieging Marinid army under Sultan Abu Yusuf Yakub [Wikipedia biography] and the Almohad garrison at Sijilmasa. The outcome is a victory for the besiegers. The siege is noteworthy in the present context for a reported early use of gunpowder. [THREAD = WW1 ARTILLERY] ASIDE: It is not easy to establish precisely what sort of weapon was used on this occasion because the only available report is from the chronicler Ibn Khaldun [Wikipedia biography], a hundred years later, who describes it rather vaguely. It is therefore unclear whether the new weapon was an explosive missile launched by a conventional siege catapult, or a solid shot fired from a rudimentary cannon, or grapeshot, or shrapnel, or even an explosive shell fired from a rudimentary mortar. See Partington (1960 online, p191) for the fuller story. 1275 The Trioedd Ynys Prydain [in English as "Triads of the Island of Britain"] are a collection of three- line stanzas of the form ... "Three men who received the wisdom of Adam: Cato the Old, Bede, and Siblo the Wise. They were, all three, as wise as Adam himself." Different source manuscripts contain different sets of stanzas, and the received collection is that by Rachel Bromwich [<=1961]. Triad 52 is noteworthy for its mention of Oeth and Anoeth [cf. 1250 (Llyfr Du)] ... "Three Exalted Prisoners of the Island of Britain: Llyr Half-Speech, who was imprisoned by Euroswydd, and the second, Mabon son of Modron, and third, Gwair son of Geirioedd. And one (Prisoner), who was more exalted than the three of them, was three nights in prison in Caer Oeth and Anoeth, and three nights imprisoned by Gwen Pendragon, and three nights in an enchanted prison under the Stone of Echymeint. This Exalted Prisoner was Arthur. And it was the same lad who released him from each of these three prisons- Goreu, son of Custennin, his cousin" (The Hergest Triads online). Considered as a whole, the Triads provide valuable insight into who was who (and why) in Dark Age Britain. [THREAD = ARTHURIAN LEGEND] ********** HABSBURG AUSTRIA IS BORN ********** 1278 [26th August] The Battle of Marchfeld: This battle is fought between (the House of Habsburg) Rudolph I of Germany [<=1273] and (the House of Přemysl) Ottakar II of Bohemia [<=1247]. The outcome is a victory for the Habsburgs and their Hungarian allies, and the death of Ottakar on the battlefield. The battle is noteworthy for establishing the House of Habsburg as the force to be reckoned with within the Holy Roman Empire. [=>1282] [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1279 The Royal Accounts for England for 1278-1279 will be studied as a primary source by 21st century industrial historians, and will give valuable insight into the 13th century iron trade. Hayman (2005) notes that home-produced iron was used for nails, horseshoes, and tools, whilst iron for weapons was imported from France, Spain, and Sweden. Swedish iron bars - known as "Osmunds" - were highly prized for working into cutting edges, and Spanish iron for armour. Hayman also documents the use of iron in church architecture [=>1294]. [THREAD = THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION] 1282 [11th December] Llewellyn ap Gruffydd [Wikipedia biography], the last of the Welsh princes, dies. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1282 The Diet of Augsburg: After four years of careful politicking Rudolph I of Germany [<=1278] has won over the peoples of Austria and Styria and is able to install his two sons, Albert I of Habsburg [<=1255] and Rudolph II of Habsburg [Wikipedia biography] as joint dukes of Austria and Styria. [=>1298] [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1286 The Neath Abbey version of Annales Cambriae [<=975] extends the earlier history by some 300 years. Other versions are prepared around this time at St. Davids and Whitland. Three Arthurian battles are now mentioned, namely Badon Hill [«516], Camlann [<=544], and Arderydd [<=573]. [THREAD = ARTHURIAN LEGEND] 1289 [4th October] A son is born to Philip IV (the Fair) of France [Wikipedia biography] and Joan I of Navarre [Wikipedia biography], and named Louis [Wikipedia biography]. Three further sons will follow, namely Philip V (the Tall) [b. 1293? - Wikipedia biography], Charles IV (the Fair) [b. 19th June 1294 - Wikipedia biography], and Robert [b. 1297; d. 1308]. [=>1314 (Louis); 1322 (Philip and Charles)] [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1290 [18th July] Pre-Reformation Antisemitism [I - The English Edict of Expulsion]: [New sub-thread] On 18th July 1290 King Edward I issues an edict expelling all Jews from Britain, it being at the time a common belief in the Roman Catholic world that the Jews were "Christ-Killers" [Wikipedia briefing] [sub-thread continues at 31st March 1492 ...]. [THREAD = THE BATTLE FOR HEARTS AND MINDS] [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] [THREAD = MAN'S INHUMANITY TO MAN] 1294 A British blacksmith named Thomas of Leighton Buzzard [local biography] is paid £12 for installing an iron screen in Westminster Abbey (Hayman, 2005). [THREAD = THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION] 1294 [5th July] The Hermits of Saint Damiano (2): [See firstly 1244/1272] After more than two years unable to agree on a successor to Pope Nicholas IV [Wikipedia biography] the influential ascetic Pietro da Morrone [<=1244] takes it upon himself to write to the College of Cardinals warning them of the damage they are doing to the administrative fabric of the church, whereupon ... they give him the job, crowning him Pope Celestine V. He accepts the post, but only on a temporary basis, and resigns after only five months to be replaced by Cardinal Benedetto Caetani as Pope Boniface VIII [Wikipedia biography]. He will die, possibly as the result of foul play, on 19th May 1296. Having taken the name Celestine, the Hermits of Saint Damiano are henceforth commonly known as "the Celestines" [=>1352]. [THREAD = CHURCH HISTORY] 1295 The Franco-Scottish Treaty: This mutual assistance treaty is signed by John Balliol, King of Scots [Wikipedia biography=>1296] and Philip IV (the Fair) of France [<=1289], to strengthen the "Auld Alliance" of France and Scotland against England. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1296 The First War of Scottish Independence, 1296-1328: This war is fought between the English under Edward I (Longshanks) of England [Wikipedia biography=>1298], incensed by the Franco-Scottish Treaty [<=1295], and the Scottish under John Balliol, King of Scots [1295<=>next]. Here are some of the main events ... • The Franco-Scottish Treaty, 1295 [casus belli ante] • The Battle of Dunbar, 1296 • The Battle of Stirling Bridge, 1297 • The Battle of Falkirk, 1298 • The Battle of Bannockburn, 1314 • The Declaration of Arbroath, 1320 • The Treaty of Edinburgh/Northampton, 1328 The overall outcome is a Scottish victory, that is to say, independence from the English crown. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1296 [27th April] The Battle of Dunbar: This battle is fought as part of the First War of Scottish Independence [<=1296] between a small Scottish revolutionary army under John Balliol, King of Scots [<=preceding] and a small English army under John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey [Wikipedia biography=>1297]. The outcome is a decisive English victory, with a number of important Scottish commanders being taken as prisoners-of-war. Balliol abdicates and is imprisoned in the Tower of London, leaving Scotland without a king until 1306. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF WW1 EUROPE] 1297 [11th September] The Battle of Stirling Bridge: This battle is fought as part of the First War of Scottish Independence [<=1296] between a Scottish revolutionary army under William Wallace [Wikipedia biography=>1298] and an English army perhaps four times the size under John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey [<=1296].