Gender and Militarism Analyzing the Links to Strategize for Peace Women Peacemakers Program May 24 Action Pack 2014 The 2014 May 24 Action Pack “Gender & Militarism: Analyzing the Links to Strategize for Peace” contains contributions by: Ray Ache- son, Shelley Anderson, Ashley Armstrong, Gesa Bent, Sharon Bhagwan Rolls, Lia van Broekhoven, Cynthia Cockburn, Laura Eggens, Åsa Ekvall, Cynthia Enloe, Isabelle Geuskens, Merle Gosewinkel, Zarin Hamid, Ruth L. Hiller, Valerie M. Hudson, Sumshot Khular, Netsai Mushonga, Jasmin Nario-Galace, Dola Oluoch, Nathalie Raaber, Rubén Reyes Jirón, Sophie Schellens, and Dina Siddiqi This Action Pack was made possible through a grant of Cordaid. Editors: Isabelle Geuskens (WPP Executive Director), Merle Gosewinkel (Senior Program Officer), Sophie Schellens (Program Officer) Language Editor: Tom Johnston Lay Out: Trees Vulto DTP en Boekproductie Design Logo: Annemarie Bron No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior permission of the author, written above each article. Women Peacemakers Program (WPP) Laan van Meerdervoort 70 2517 AN The Hague The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0)70 345 2671 www.womenpeacemakersprogram.org WPP’s vision is of a world where women and men work together through gender-sensitive active nonviolence, to build communities where people co-exist peacefully. Its mission is to transform conflict through Gender-Sensitive Active Nonviolence. Without peace, development is impossible, and without women, neither peace nor development can take place. Table of Contents Introduction 3 by Isabelle Geuskens Understanding Militarism, Militarization, and the Linkages with Globalization | Using a Feminist Curiosity 7 by Cynthia Enloe Women’s Agency against Guns 10 by Jasmin Nario-Galace Money, Masculinities, and Militarism | Reaching Critical Will’s Work for Disarmament 14 by Ray Acheson Challenging Militarism in the Pacific | Women’s Efforts for a Peaceful Region 18 by Sharon Bhagwan-Rolls Gender and Security Sector Reform | A First Step in the Right Direction, or Gender Mainstreaming Gone Wrong? 22 by Merle Gosewinkel and Rahel Kunz No Statues, But Courage Still 27 by Shelley Anderson “And the Enemy Was in Us” 30 by Rubén Reyes Jirón Feminist Antimilitarism | Patriarchy, Masculinities and Gender Awareness in Antiwar Organizing 33 by Cynthia Cockburn A Note on Gender and Militarism in South Asia 36 by Dina Siddiqi Claiming the Rights of Indigenous People in South Asia | Exposing the Effects of Militarization 41 by Sumshot Khular The Founding Template | Male-Female Relations 44 by Valerie M. Hudson Masculinities and Militarism, Academics and Activists 47 by Åsa Ekvall Men’s Struggles for Gender Equality | Take Them with a Pinch of Salt 49 by Netsai Mushonga Making it Personal | Unlearning Militarism in Kenyan Slums 52 by Dola Oluoch Breaking Down the Effects of Militarization | Youth, LGBT and Queer Communities and Societal Tolerance 55 An interview with Andreas Speck by Laura Eggens Militarized Parenthood in Israel 58 by Ruth L. Hiller Gendered Conflict Prevention as a Strategy for Peace 62 by Gesa Bent Women Beyond War | Employing Successful Alternatives to Militarism 66 by Ashley Armstrong Imagining a Feminist Internet | Addressing the Militarization of ICTs 70 An interview with Nadine Moawad by Sophie Schellens Financial Surveillance of Civil Society | The Missing Link in Discussing Our Enabling Environment 73 by Lia van Broekhoven Financing for the Implementation of National Action Plans on UNSCR 1325 | Critical for Advancing Women’s Human Rights, Peace and Security 78 by Natalie Raaber 16 Days Campaign | Highlighting Linkages with Militarism 82 by Zarin Hamid 2014 International Directory of Organizations 85 Introduction by Isabelle Geuskens Isabelle’s journey into peace work started during 1998-1999 during her studies, when she lived in Belfast and conducted research about local communities’ experience of the Troubles, the Good Friday Agreement, and the impact of peace projects run by local community leaders. Upon obtaining her Masters Master of Arts Degree from the University of Maastricht in 2000, she started working on a project-base in the field of women’s studies (University of Utrecht) and peacebuilding. This took her to Srebrenica during 2001, where she worked for the Working Group Netherlands- Srebrenica, during which she was involved in cross-community initiatives. In 2002, she became the Program Manager of WPP at the International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR). Under her leadership, WPP started pioneering a program on engaging men for gender-sensitive peacebuilding. Since WPP’s establishment as independent foundation during October 2012, Isabelle serves as the WPP Executive Director. Dear Readers, Though some progress has been made in the adoption of We are very honored to present you with our latest May UNSCR 1325 national action plans (NAPs) and in terms of 24 Action publication on Gender and Militarism: Analyzing legal and judicial reforms in some countries; implementa- the Links to Strategize for Peace, which is the result of the tion is often not enforced. Conflict related sexual violence contributions of many individuals and organizations. With as a deliberate weapon of war still occurs on a large scale this publication, we aim to contribute to the many conver- and with impunity. sations and debates that will be taking place during com- ing months, assessing the impact of UN Security Coun- At the Women Peacemakers Program (WPP), we feel it cil Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 and accompanying Women, is important to analyze and address these challenges by Peace and Security (WPS) Resolutions of the past years. going back to the bigger picture. On the occasion of the 13th anniversary of UNSCR 1325 last October, when we Last year, the United Nations Security Council adopted organized the panel discussion “Taking UNSCR 1325 to UNSCR 2122, and reiterated its intention to convene a the Next Level: Gender, Peace & Security—Mainstream- High-level Review in 2015 to assess progress in imple- ing, Masculinities and Movements” in New York, speaker menting UNSCR 1325 (2000) at the national, regional and and Chief Advisor to the Peace & Security Section of global levels. UN Women Anne-Marie Goetz framed the key issue as “UNSCR 1325 should not only be about changing the play- Upon the UN Security Council’s adoption of Resolution ers, but also about changing the game”. 1325—which provides an important recognition of the cru- cial role that women have to play in processes of conflict Over time, we have observed a trend that got us concerned prevention, resolution and peacebuilding, as well as the as a women’s peace movement. To a large extent, imple- specific impact of war on women’s and girls’ lives—we menting UNSCR 1325 seems to be interpreted as being were pleased to see an increase both in the amount of about fitting women into the current peace and security interest about the resolution and in the number of activi- paradigm and system; rather than about assessing and ties taking place around it, both at the level of civil society redefining peace and security through a gender lens. In and at the governmental level. However, to many working other words, “Just Add Women and Stir” seems to have in field of WPS today, it is clear that the actual implemen- become the maxim as the way to move forward, instead tation of UNSCR 1325 faces many challenges. To name a of coming up with a new recipe for peace and security few: there is little to celebrate in terms of women’s par- altogether, based on taking the vision and of women and ticipation in peace negotiations and peace agreements. women’s perspectives into account. Gender and Militarism | Analyzing the Links to Strategize for Peace 3 Such a new recipe would not only impact the lives of women—is seen by these activists as an expression of women, it would also provide alternatives for men. The a continuum of violence already existing during times of current dominant peace and security paradigm draws peace in patriarchal societies. heavily on militarization, which is a socio-political pro- cess normalizing the use of armed force and violence as To address the patriarchal causes of war, and the accom- a means to address conflict. This process incorporates panying militarization processes, her academic colleague specific gender dynamics, among others pushing men to Cynthia Enloe therefore strongly advocates for “feminist engage in armed and violent action to solve conflict. Rede- curiosity”, which she defines as “a curiosity that provokes fining this peace & security paradigm from a holistic gen- serious questioning about the workings of masculinized der perspective not only brings in women’s perspectives and feminized meanings”, and which she sees as a cru- of what makes up real (human) security, it also addresses cial tool for making sense of the links between two global the normalization of violence in patriarchal society and trends: globalization and militarization. Though she rec- prioritizes conflict prevention as well as nonviolent con- ognizes that it is not an easy step to take, she considers it flict resolution. an important political act, as it makes problematic what is conventionally taken as “logical” or natural. We are particularly concerned about the use of UNSCR 1325 as a tool to support women’s recruitment into in At WPP, our feminist curiosity drives us