Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Advances in Space Research Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: ASR-D-11-00388R1 Title: Future of Space Astronomy: a Global Road Map for the Next Decades Article Type: IR - Invited Review Paper Keywords: Future of Space Astronomy; COSPAR Working Group Corresponding Author: Dr. pietro ubertini, Corresponding Author's Institution: First Author: Pietro Ubertini Order of Authors: Pietro Ubertini; Neil Gehrels; Ian Corbett; Paolo De Bernardis; Marcos Machado; Matt Griffin; Michael Hauser; Ravinder K Manchanda; Nobuyuki Kawai; Shuang-Nan Zhang; Mikhail Pavlinsky Abstract: The use of space techniques continues to play a key role in the advance of astrophysics by providing access to the entire electromagnetic spectrum from the radio observations to the high energy gamma rays. The increasing size, complexity and cost of large space observatories places a growing emphasis on international collaboration. Furthermore, combining existing and future datasets from space and ground based observatories is an emerging mode of powerful and relatively inexpensive research to address problems that can only be tackled by the application of large multi-wavelength observations. If the present set of space and ground-based astronomy facilities today is impressive and complete, with space and ground based astronomy telescopes nicely complementing each other, the situation becomes concerning and critical in the next 10-20 years. In fact, only a few main space missions are planned, possibly restricted to JWST and, perhaps, WFIRST and SPICA, since no other main facilities are already recommended. A "Working Group on the Future of Space Astronomy" was established at the 38th COSPAR Assembly held in Bremen, Germany in July 2010. The purpose of this Working Group was to establish a roadmap for future major space missions to complement future large ground-based telescopes. This paper presents the results of this study including a number of recommendations and a road map for the next decades of Space Astronomy research. Suggested Reviewers: Response to Reviewers: Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Email address: [email protected] (Pietro Ubertini) 57 58 59 Preprint submitted to Elsevier November 20, 2011 60 61 62 63 64 65 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Future of Space Astronomy: a Global Road Map for 10 the Next Decades 11 12 13 Pietro Ubertinia, Neil Gehrelsb, Ian Corbettc, Paolo De Bernardisd, Marcos 14 Machadoe, Matt Griffinf, Michael Hauserg, Ravinder K. Manchandah, 15 Nobuyuki Kawaii, Shuang-Nan Zhangj, Mikhail Pavlinskyk 16 17 aINAF/IASF-Rome, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 - 00133 Rome, Italy 18 bAstroparticle Physics Laboratory/NASA-GSFC, belt, MD 20771, U.S.A. c 19 IAU - UAI Secretariat, F75014 Paris, France dUniversity ”La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy 20 eComisi´on Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, 1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina 21 fSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK 22 gMichael Hauser, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, U.S.A. 23 hTata Institute of Fundamental Research, 400005 Mumbai, India i 24 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan jKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese 25 Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 26 kRussian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia 27 28 29 30 31 Abstract 32 33 The use of space techniques continues to play a key role in the advance of astro- 34 physics by providing access to the entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio 35 to high energy γ rays. The increasing size, complexity and cost of large space 36 observatories places a growing emphasis on international collaboration. Fur- 37 thermore, combining existing and future datasets from space and ground based 38 observatories is an emerging mode of powerful and relatively inexpensive re- 39 search to address problems that can only be tackled by the application of large 40 multi-wavelength observations. While the present set of astronomical facilities 41 is impressive and covers the entire electromagnetic spectrum, with complemen- 42 tary space and ground-based telescopes, the situation in the next 10-20 years is 43 of critical concern. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), to be launched 44 not earlier than 2018, is the only approved future major space astronomy mis- 45 sion. Other major highly recommended space astronomy missions, such as the 46 Wide-field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), the International X-ray Ob- 47 servatory (IXO), Large Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and the Space 48 49 Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), have yet to be 50 approved for development. 51 A ”Working Group on the Future of Space Astronomy” was established at 52 the 38th COSPAR Assembly held in Bremen, Germany in July 2010. The 53 purpose of this Working Group was to establish a roadmap for future major 54 55 56 Email address: [email protected] (Pietro Ubertini) 57 58 59 Preprint submitted to Elsevier November 20, 2011 60 61 62 63 64 65 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 space missions to complement future large ground-based telescopes. This paper 10 presents the results of this study, including a number of recommendations and 11 a road map for the next decades of space astronomy research. 12 13 Keywords: Future of Space Astronomy, COSPAR Working Group, 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 3 60 61 62 63 64 65 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Table of Contents 10 11 Executive Summary 12 Recommendations concerning international planning and implementation of 13 large space astronomy missions 14 Roadmap Principles 15 Recommended Space Astronomy Roadmap 16 Conclusions 17 18 1. The COSPAR Working Group on the Future of Space Astron- 19 omy 20 21 22 1.1 Establishment of the Working Group 23 1.2 Terms of Reference and Membership of the Working Group 24 1.3 Mandate of the Working Group 25 1.4 Schedule of the Working Group 26 27 2. Role of Developing Space-Faring Nations, a New Concept in In- 28 ternational Cooperation 29 30 3. The Working Group Vision 31 32 3.1 The Present Scenario 33 34 3.2 Issues 35 36 3.3 Roadmap Principles 37 38 3.4 A Roadmap for the 2010-2020 Decade 39 3.4.1 IXO: International X-Ray Observatory 40 41 3.4.2 LISA: Laser Interferometer Space Antenna 42 3.4.3 EJSM: Europa Jupiter System Mission 43 3.4.4 Dark Energy and Exoplanet Science: Euclid and WFIRST 44 3.4.5 The ESA change of L-Class mission collaborative scheme 45 46 3.5 The 2020-2030 Decade Road Map 47 48 3.6 COSPAR Working Group Basic Recommendations 49 50 3.7 WG Conclusions 51 52 4. The Present Scenario 53 54 4.1 The ASTRONET Report: a Science Vision for (European) Astronomy 55 56 4.2 Spectral Coverage of Currently Operating Space Astrophysics Missions 57 58 59 4 60 61 62 63 64 65 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4.2.1 X-Ray and γ-Ray 10 4.2.2 UV/Extreme UV and Visible 11 4.2.3 Infrared and Submillimeter 12 4.2.4 Submillimeter 13 14 4.3 Missions in Operation: short description and basic scientific characteristics 15 4.3.1 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 16 4.3.2 Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) 17 4.3.3 Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO) 18 4.3.4 XMM-Newton Observatory 19 4.3.5 International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) 20 4.3.6 Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) 21 22 4.3.7 Spitzer Space Telescope 23 4.3.8 Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission 24 4.3.9 Suzaku X-Ray and hard X-Ray Telescopes 25 4.3.10 AGILE high energy gamma-ray mission 26 4.3.11 Fermi High Energy Gamma-Ray Telescope 27 4.3.12 Planck Mission 28 4.3.13 Herschel Mission 29 4.3.14 Monitor of All-sky X-Ray Image (MAXI) 30 31 4.4 Approved Missions in Development and Future Concepts 32 4.4.1 Gaia 3-D mapping of the stars of the Galaxy: launch 2013 33 4.4.2 ASTROSAT: launch 2012-2013 34 4.4.3 NuSTAR: launch 2012 35 4.4.4 Spectrum X-γ- eRosita experiment: launch 2014 36 4.4.5 Astro-H: launch: 2015 37 4.4.6 GEMS, Small Explorer, X-ray polarization mission launch: 2014 38 4.4.7 Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT): Launch 2015 39 4.4.8 James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): launch 2018 40 41 4.4.9 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA): Fully op- 42 erational 2014 43 44 5. The Future Programmes of the National Space Agencies 45 46 5.1 NASA future programmes and Vision 47 48 5.2 ESA future programmes and Cosmic Vision 49 5.2.1 The Cosmic Vision L-Class priority (under selection) 50 5.2.2 The Cosmic Vision M-Class priority (under selection) 51 52 6.0 The role and plan of the National Agencies 53 54 6.1 The Japan Space Astronomy Plan: JAXA Long Term Vision 55 56 6.2 Future Space Astronomy Programmes in China 57 58 59 5 60 61 62 63 64 65 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3 The Indian Space science programme 11 12 6.4 The Russian Space Science programme 13 14 6.5 Decadal Plan for Australian Space Science 15 16 6.6 Programmes of Other Space Agencies 17 18 7.