Cultural Landscape Report for Saratoga Battlefield i Cultural Landscape Report for Saratoga Battlefield ii Cultural Landscape Report for Saratoga Battlefield Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................................................................ v Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................................ xi Introduction................................................................................................................................................................... 1 The Purpose of This Report................................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Overview.................................................................................................................................................. 2 Scope of Work and Methodology.......................................................................................................................... 6 Study Boundaries ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Summary of Findings............................................................................................................................................... 7 Pre-History to 1777 ....................................................................................................................................................17 Native American Habitation.................................................................................................................................17 European Settlement..............................................................................................................................................19 Nature of Settlement in 1777................................................................................................................................22 Battling for the Saratoga Landscape, 1777..............................................................................................................31 Prelude......................................................................................................................................................................31 The Battle of Freeman's Farm..............................................................................................................................35 The Defensive Interval ..........................................................................................................................................39 The Battle of Bemis Heights on 7 October 1777..............................................................................................45 Battlefield Epilogue ................................................................................................................................................52 The Rural Economy Period, 1778-1876..................................................................................................................69 Early Battlefield Visitors........................................................................................................................................70 Foundations of an Agricultural Economy..........................................................................................................73 Corridors and Crossroads......................................................................................................................................77 Vestiges and Veneration ........................................................................................................................................81 Memorial Period, 1877-1927.....................................................................................................................................97 Initiatives of the Saratoga Monument Association ...........................................................................................97 Centennial Celebration...........................................................................................................................................98 Appealing for State and National Recognition ................................................................................................101 State Management Period, 1927-1937 ...................................................................................................................111 Slingerland's Battlefield Vision ...........................................................................................................................112 Turning a Dream into Reality .............................................................................................................................121 The Fight for Federal Ownership Continues...................................................................................................124 National Park Service Period, 1938-Present.........................................................................................................141 Origins of National Park Service Involvement................................................................................................141 A Late Start for the Civilian Conservation Corps ...........................................................................................144 Research and Planning for the New National Park ........................................................................................145 World War II .........................................................................................................................................................152 Post-War Period 1945-1956...............................................................................................................................153 Mission 66..............................................................................................................................................................156 Contemporary Stewardship.................................................................................................................................161 Existing Conditions ..................................................................................................................................................209 General Description.............................................................................................................................................209 The Tour Stops of the Saratoga National Historical Park Battlefield Unit ................................................217 Analysis of Significance and Integrity....................................................................................................................245 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................245 Analysis of Significance for the Saratoga National Historical Park Battlefield Unit..................................247 iii Cultural Landscape Report for Saratoga Battlefield Evaluating Integrity of the Saratoga National Historical Park Battlefield Unit..........................................251 Battlefield Landscape Characteristics ................................................................................................................252 Preliminary Landscape Preservation Recommendations....................................................................................259 Appendices.................................................................................................................................................................265 Abridged Chronology ..........................................................................................................................................265 Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................................273 iv Cultural Landscape Report for Saratoga Battlefield List of Figures 1.1 Diagram of New York State and Saratoga National Historical Park. Redrawn from "1941 Master Plan, Index Sheet." January 1941. Saratoga National Historical Park files. 1.2 Saratoga battlefield, Saratoga National Historical Park. 1989. Park Brochure. 1.3 Map of Saratoga National Historical Park's four units. "Cultural Landscapes Inventory, Schuyler House, Saratoga National Historical Park (draft)." 2000. Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation. 2.1 Map of Tribal Territories in the Northeast. 1978. Re-drawn from Handbook of North American Indians. Edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 2.2 Drawing of the re-subdivision of a portion of the Saratoga Patent. 1767. Saratoga National Historical Park files. 2.3 Portrait of Philip Schuyler, landlord of much of the Saratoga battlefield property, by John Trumbull. Copied by Jacob Lazarus. 1881. Saratoga National Historical Park files. 2.4 Land Owners and Patentees of 1777. "Draft Cultural Landscape Report for Saratoga National Historical Park." 1995. Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation.