Chapter 4: Fugitive Emissions CHAPTER 4 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 4.1 Volume 2: Energy Authors Christian Boettcher (Germany), Amit Garg (India), Paul Nzomo Mbuthi (Kenya), Steven J. Oliver (Australia), Roberta Quadrelli (Italy), Cynthia Ann Randles (USA/Australia), Raquel Rodrigues de Souza (Brazil), Ajay Kumar Singh (India), Michael Strogies (Germany), Kostyantyn Tadlya (Ukraine), Nina Uvarova (Russia), John D. Watterson (UK), Melissa M. Weitz (USA), Francis Davison Yamba (Zambia), Shengmin Yu (China), and Songli Zhu (China) Contributing Authors Laura E. Dawidowski (Argentina), Oleksandra Kolmogortseva (Ukraine), Teruo Okazaki (Japan), Ingrid Person Rocha e Pinho (Brazil), Steven C. Smyth (Canada) and Jongikhaya Witi (South Africa) 4.2 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Chapter 4: Fugitive Emissions Contents 4 Fugitive Emissions .................................................................................................................................. 4.10 4.1 Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage and transportation of coal .............................. 4.10 4.1.1 Overview and description of sources ............................................................................................ 4.10 4.1.1.1 Coal mining and handling ..................................................................................................... 4.10 4.1.1.2 Summary of sources .............................................................................................................. 4.12 4.1.2 Methodological issues ................................................................................................................... 4.13 4.1.3 Underground coal mines ............................................................................................................... 4.14 4.1.3.1 Choice of method .................................................................................................................. 4.15 4.1.3.2 Choice of emission factors for underground mines .............................................................. 4.18 4.1.3.3 Choice of activity data .......................................................................................................... 4.21 4.1.3.4 Completeness for underground coal mines ........................................................................... 4.21 4.1.3.5 Developing a consistent time series ...................................................................................... 4.22 4.1.3.6 Uncertainty assessment ......................................................................................................... 4.22 4.1.4 Surface coal mining ....................................................................................................................... 4.23 4.1.4.1 Choice of method .................................................................................................................. 4.23 4.1.4.2 Emission factors for surface mining ..................................................................................... 4.24 4.1.4.3 Activity data .......................................................................................................................... 4.26 4.1.4.4 Completeness for surface mining .......................................................................................... 4.26 4.1.4.5 Developing a consistent time series ...................................................................................... 4.26 4.1.4.6 Uncertainty Assessment in emissions ................................................................................... 4.26 4.1.5 Abandoned underground coal mines ............................................................................................. 4.27 4.1.5.1 Choice of method .................................................................................................................. 4.27 4.1.5.2 Choice of emission factors .................................................................................................... 4.27 4.1.5.3 Choice of activity data .......................................................................................................... 4.32 4.1.5.4 Completeness ........................................................................................................................ 4.32 4.1.5.5 Developing a consistent time series ...................................................................................... 4.32 4.1.5.6 Uncertainty assessment ......................................................................................................... 4.32 4.1.6 Completeness for coal mining ....................................................................................................... 4.32 4.1.7 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) ............................................................... 4.33 4.2 Fugitive Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Systems .................................................................... 4.34 4.2.1 Overview and description of sources ............................................................................................ 4.35 4.2.2 Methodological issues ................................................................................................................... 4.38 4.2.2.1 Choice of method, decision trees, tiers ................................................................................. 4.39 4.2.2.2 Choice of method .................................................................................................................. 4.43 4.2.2.3 Choice of emission factor ..................................................................................................... 4.47 4.2.2.4 Choice of activity data .......................................................................................................... 4.84 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 4.3 Volume 2: Energy 4.2.2.5 Completeness ........................................................................................................................ 4.91 4.2.2.6 Developing consistent time series ......................................................................................... 4.92 4.2.2.7 Uncertainty assessment ......................................................................................................... 4.92 4.2.3 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) ............................................................... 4.93 4.2.4 Reporting and Documentation ...................................................................................................... 4.94 4.3 Fugitive Emissions from Fuel Transformation .................................................................................. 4.98 4.3.1 Overview and description of sources ............................................................................................ 4.98 4.3.2 Methodological issues ................................................................................................................... 4.99 4.3.2.1 Solid to solid transformation processes ................................................................................ 4.99 4.3.2.2 Gasification transformation processes .................................................................................4.118 4.3.3 Completeness ...............................................................................................................................4.124 4.3.4 Developing consistent time series ................................................................................................4.124 4.3.5 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) ..............................................................4.125 4.3.6 Reporting and Documentation .....................................................................................................4.125 Annex 4A.1 Standard Conditions ................................................................................................4.126 Annex 4A.2 Disaggregation of Tier 1 factors presented in Section 4.2.2.3 .................................4.128 Annex 4A.3 Definition of terminologies used in Section 4.2 ......................................................4.138 Appendix 4A.1 Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage and transportation of coal: Basis for Future Methodological Development ................................................................4.144 Appendix 4A.1.1 Abandoned Surface Mines ......................................................................................4.144 Appendix 4A.1.2 Coal Exploration .....................................................................................................4.144 Appendix 4A.2 Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wood Pellet production: Basis for Future Methodological Development .................................................................................4.151 Appendix 4A.3 Fugitive Emissions from Biomass to Liquid and Biomass to Gas: Basis for Future Methodological Development .................................................................................4.156 References ..................................................................................................................................4.159 4.4 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Chapter 4: Fugitive Emissions Equations Equation 4.1.0 (New)