550 American Archivist / Vol. 50 / Fall 1987 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/50/4/550/2747587/aarc_50_4_m3v042g7052p575m.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 Documenting Recreation and Tourism in New England T. D. SEYMOUR BASSETT Abstract: New England tourism is more than a century old, but historians have only recently begun to write about it, and about the related field of recreation. At first limited to the summer, tourism now flourishes in every season; once limited to the leisure class, it is now available to nearly everyone, and ethnic, racial, and religious exclusion has been reduced. Sources for tourism and recreation are either lacking or hard to find. This article describes some types of tourism, its history, and existing documentation of various kinds of resorts and recreational activities, and points to the possibilities for and difficulties of a documentation strategy. About the author: T. D. Seymour Bassett of Burlington, Vermont, was trained at the National Archives, 1942-43, and served as Earlham College archivist, 1952-57, and University of Vermont archivist, 1962-77. During the summers of 1957 and 1959 he was acting chief of the United Nations Archives. He prepared the bibliography for Socialism and American Life (Princeton, 1952) and bibliographies of New Hampshire and Vermont local history; edited Outsiders Inside Vermont (Canaan, N.H.: Phoenix Publishing, 1976); and is the author of A History of the Vermont Geo- logical Surveys and State Geologists (1976). An earlier version of this essay was delivered at the annual meeting of the Society of American Archivists, Boston, October 1982.' Documenting Recreation and Tourism 551 NEW ENGLAND—WITH ITS mountains, also an element of enjoyment, of recrea- beaches, streams, and ponds, and with tion. More recently, the historical geogra- hundreds of places redolent of history—has phy of important places to visit has often become a year-round playground for both been artificial, deriving from the deliberate its own residents and many thousands of treatment of the landscape as a scarce com- visitors annually. Tourism and recreation, modity instead of as universally available Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/50/4/550/2747587/aarc_50_4_m3v042g7052p575m.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 although not considered subjects for seri- to humanity. To historical and religious sites ous study until recently, are worthy of are added the wonders of nature; the latter- scholarly and archival attention because, as day pilgrim comes home with a new bumper the workweek continues to shrink and dis- sticker: "This car climbed Mount Wash- posable time to increase, leisure-time ac- ington." tivities will only grow in importance in this The word "tourism" came into popular and other regions.1 use recently. The Oxford English Diction- Tourism is travel for recreation, or the ary shows a first use in 1811, with a cen- business of managing tourists. Recreation tury of increasing frequency, "usually is activity in leisure time, which relaxes deprecatory" because the leisure class de- tensions and refreshes body and spirit. cried the invasion of its grounds by Cock- Tourism may involve travel only to and from ney tourism. This underscores the fact that the place of recreation, or travel and sight- the industrial revolution, one of the con- seeing may be the principal activities. The sequences of which was compartmental- division between tourism and recreation is ized leisure, came one-half century earlier not always sharp; both are considered here, in England than in the United States. It also as are combinations of leisure with work emphasizes the wish for exclusiveness, one (such as artists' retreats) and of leisure with of the hallmarks of a leisure class that has religion (camp meetings). A group under- had its effect even on latter-day tourism. taking a formal documentation strategy The wealthy have always been able to might choose a narrower focus, but this es- pay for space in the places they chose as say is intended as an overview, combining special; space is the one essential ingredi- a discussion of some general characteristics ent of the exclusive resort, with its attend- of tourism and recreation, and of the his- ant quiet and its business and social tory of tourism in the region, with descrip- advantages of selective contacts. Some re- tions of existing sources and the difficulties sorts monopolize all the private land of a of finding them, and some suggestions for valley or around a lake, as at St. Hubert's, improved documentation and better de- the Adirondack League Club's large tract scription of sources. that includes several lakes, or Waterville Valley, New Hampshire; others have the Characteristics of Tourism sole concession in an area. Some space is The impulse to visit places of special re- won by paying for expensive transporta- ligious or historical significance appears to tion, and costly equipment and member- be universal; far-flung examples are Chau- ship fees help assure an exclusive clientele. cer's pilgrims, the once-in-a-lifetime jour- Restrictive policies can also make a re- ney to Mecca, the climb up Fujiyama. In sort a scarce and desirable commodity. In each case the visitor hopes to experience the late nineteenth century, as wages began the sacred quality of the place, but there is to rise above subsistence, the working 'Among scholarly works on tourism and recreation are two masters' theses on tourism and two on skiing at the University of Vermont; Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957); and portions of the author's Ph.D. dissertation, "Urban Penetration of Rural Vermont, 1840-80," Harvard University, 1952. 552 American Archivist / Fall 1987 classes for the first time could afford to corporations raised money locally; gradu- escape from the hot city in summer. Cheap ally expanding needs attracted metropolitan and rapid transportation, then paid vaca- and foreign wealth. Now the abandoned tions, and finally the two-day weekend made hotel, waiting for vandals to destroy it or pleasure travel increasingly open to work- preservationists to restore it, testifies to shifts ing people. Resorts then raised three kinds in taste, as does the rise and decline of Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/50/4/550/2747587/aarc_50_4_m3v042g7052p575m.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 of barriers against them and other "unde- tourist cabins. Nineteenth century resort sirables": outright exclusion, monopoly of entrepreneurs chose sites featuring mineral the resource, and inflated prices. As late as waters and wild, romantic scenery, but later the early 1950s the word "exclusive" on an idyllic landscape, tamed by human oc- resort signs and billboards was (correctly) cupation, appealed to those escaping from understood to mean that Jews and Negroes hectic city life. Those who wrote and those were not welcome.2 who paid for resort advertising had to be The main elements in the economic sensitive to such changes in taste; or per- framework of tourism are transportation and haps the record will show to what extent related technology, hotels and other struc- they caused the changes. As for resort la- tures, investment and development, adver- bor, what today seems like exploitation of tising and marketing, and labor conditions. young, nonunion workers, housed in quar- Since tourism always involves travel, ters innocent of any health or safety in- transportation is most important in this spection, was at least as late as the 1960s— framework. Beginning with the walking tour the era of the ski bum—a preferred kind of or raft trip, each technological change has work, with acceptable wages in low-in- expanded the variety of ways to tour: the come areas and with access to the affluent. sailing voyage and horseback trip; the stage- In recent years especially, the competi- coach journey or carriage ride as soon as tion of tourism and recreation for the same roads could serve wheels; substitution of sites with other potential uses has become railroads—eventually with Pullman cars, a significant aspect of their history. Urban diners, and then vistadomes—for animal- attractions—historic sites, concerts in the drawn carriages, and luxury liners and park, and the like—interfere with normal chartered windjammers for sailing vessels; traffic; boutiques in restored markets, mu- and finally the automobile and airplane. seums, aquaria, or zoos may push out needed Most transportation serves business as well housing, supermarkets, or industries. The as pleasure, but the amenities—better brakes development of a waterfront park preempts and springs, toilets and washrooms, air industrial land. In the countryside, second conditioning, clean air and clean windows, homes conflict with agriculture not only by packaged foods, film and video to pass the occupying arable land but also by raising time—were perhaps added sooner because the tax rate beyond the farmer's ability to of the tourist trade. pay. Preserving wetlands and wilderness The economist will note the shift from areas for the sake of recreation curtails individuals and partnerships among resort competing uses. In some cases recreational owners to corporations as more capital was and other uses overlap, however. The needed for larger developments. The first workplace itself may be on the tourist map: 2In Poland Spring: An Informal History ([Poland Spring, Me.], 1975) Melvin Robbins cites cases of discrim- ination against all non-WASPs and claims that Laura Robson's novel, Gentleman's Agreement (1947), was based on Poland Spring House in Maine. Members of a church, school, business corporation, or extended family can still choose which guests to invite to their private property, but categorical exclusion by sex, religion, race or ethnic group is increasingly difficult in the face of legislation and boycott.