P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 The New Hegelians Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School The period leading up to the Revolutions of 1848 is a seminal moment in the history of political thought, demarcating the ideological cur- rents and defining the problems of freedom and social cohesion that are among the key issues of modern politics. This anthology offers new research on Hegel’s followers in the 1830s and 1840s. Including essays by well-known philosophers, political scientists, and historians from Europe and North America, it pays special attention to ques- tions of state power, the economy, poverty, and labour, as well as to a range of ideas about freedom. The book examines the political and social thought of Eduard Gans, Ludwig Feuerbach, Max Stirner, Bruno and Edgar Bauer, the young Engels, and Marx. It places them in the context not only of Hegel’s philosophy but also of the Enlight- enment, Kant, the French Revolution, industrialisation, and urban poverty. It also views Marx and Engels in a new light in relation to their contemporaries and interlocutors in the Hegelian school. Douglas Moggach is a professor of political science and philosophy at the University of Ottawa. A recipient of a Woodrow Wilson Fellow- ship, he has held visiting appointments at Clare Hall; King’s College, Cambridge; the University of Toronto; and the Scuola Normale Supe- riore di Pisa. He is the author of The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer. i P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 ii P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 The New Hegelians Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School Edited by DOUGLAS MOGGACH University of Ottawa iii cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521854979 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2006 isbn-13 978-0-511-19104-6 eBook (EBL) isbn-10 0-511-19104-9 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-85497-9 hardback isbn-10 0-521-85497-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 For Iain and Catriona v P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 vi P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 Contents Acknowledgements page ix Contributors xi Introduction: Hegelianism, Republicanism, and Modernity 1 Douglas Moggach 1 Eduard Gans on Poverty and on the Constitutional Debate 24 Norbert Waszek 2 Ludwig Feuerbach’s Critique of Religion and the End of Moral Philosophy 50 Howard Williams 3 The Symbolic Dimension and the Politics of Left Hegelianism 67 Warren Breckman 4 Exclusiveness and Political Universalism in Bruno Bauer 91 Massimiliano Tomba (translated from Italian by Douglas Moggach) 5 Republican Rigorism and Emancipation in Bruno Bauer 114 Douglas Moggach 6 Edgar Bauer and the Origins of the Theory of Terrorism 136 Eric v.d. Luft 7 Ein Menschenleben: Hegel and Stirner 166 Lawrence S. Stepelevich 8 ‘The State and I’: Max Stirner’s Anarchism 176 David Leopold vii P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 viii Contents 9 Engels and the Invention of the Catastrophist Conception of the Industrial Revolution 200 Gareth Stedman Jones 10 The Basis of the State in the Marx of 1842 220 Andrew Chitty 11 Marx and Feuerbachian Essence: Returning to the Question of ‘Human Essence’ in Historical Materialism 242 Jose´ Crisostomo´ de Souza 12 Freedom and the ‘Realm of Necessity’ 261 Sean Sayers 13 Work, Language, and Community: A Response to Hegel’s Critics 275 Ardis B. Collins Bibliography 301 Index 325 P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 Acknowledgements This volume is the result of a very happy collaboration. It originated from a panel on the Hegelian Left organised with Andrew Chitty at the Eighth Conference of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas, Aberystwyth, Wales, in July 2002.Work on the project has been gen- erously supported by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and from the Research Services and the Faculty of Social Science of the University of Ottawa. The volume was completed during my visiting fellowship at the Centre for History and Economics, King’s College, Cambridge. The members and staff of the Centre, in particular Gareth Stedman Jones, Emma Rothschild, Melissa Lane, William O’Reilly, and Inga Huld Markan, provided a hospitable and stimulating environment in which to work. I am grateful to the Provost and Fellows of King’s College for their invitation to spend the academic year 2004–5 as a Senior Associate of the college. Clare Hall, Cambridge, also welcomed me and my family back into the community for another memorable year. The members of the ISSEI panel, and of the extended research net- work that emerged from it, have engaged in fruitful mutual exchanges and discussions over the past few years. Because of other commitments, some of our members were unable to participate in the final volume. I acknowledge in particular the contributions of Charles Barbour, Daniel Brudney, Renato Cristi, and Thomas Kemple. Thanks are due especially to Andrew Chitty, who co-chaired the ISSEI panel with me and who pro- vided detailed commentary on a number of the texts, including my own. Ardis Collins gave valuable editorial guidance at all stages of the process. Ezra Talmor, the late Sascha Talmor of ISSEI, Claudio Cesa, and William ix P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 x Acknowledgements Desmond offered support and encouragement. Stephanie Achard, Sarah McColl, Beatrice Rehl, and Eric Newman of Cambridge University Press merit special thanks for their help and advice. Johnna VanHoose Dinse prepared the index. I must acknowledge here the enormous contribu- tions of the late Terence Moore, of the Press, to the dissemination of philosophical works, as well as his encouragement of my own research. The three anonymous readers of the manuscript made perceptive crit- icisms and suggestions, even if they were not always followed. As ever, my greatest debts are to my family. It is fitting that this volume is dedi- cated to my children, whose eagerness to embark on another Cambridge adventure made the completion of the project possible. P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 Contributors Warren Breckman is an associate professor of modern European intellec- tual and cultural history at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory: Dethron- ing the Self (1999), as well as essays on the history of philosophy, consumer culture, modernism, and nationalism. He is currently writing Adventures of the Symbolic: French Post-Marxism and Democratic Theory and is editor of a forthcoming anthology of European Romanticism. Andrew Chitty is a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Sussex. He is the co-editor of Has History Ended? Fukuyama, Marx, Modernity (1994, with Christopher Bertram) and author of “Recognition and Social Relations of Production,” Historical Materialism (1998), and “Social and Physical Form: Ilyenkov on the Ideal and Marx on the Value-Form” in Vera Oit- tinen (ed.), Evald Ilyenkov’s Philosophy Revisited (2000). He has particular interests in Hegel’s and Marx’s political philosophies and is currently working on an introductory text on Hegel. Ardis B. Collins is an associate professor of philosophy at Loyola Univer- sity, Chicago. She is editor of The Owl of Minerva,the biannual interna- tional journal of The Hegel Society of America; has served as editorial consultant for the History of Philosophy Quarterly; and edited a collection of essays entitled Hegel on the Modern World (1995). She has published a book on medieval and Renaissance philosophy and has presented papers and published articles on Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit and Philosophy of Right. Her work on Hegel focuses on his relations to Marx and to Kantian moral philosophy, epistemology, language, and the role of irrationality in Hegel’s account of reason. xi P1: JZZ 0521854970pre CUNY147B/Moggach 0521 85497 0 January 26, 2006 11:25 xii Contributors Jose´ Crisostomo´ de Souza is a professor in the Department of Philoso- phy at the Federal University of Bahia (UFBa), Brazil, and was a post- doctoral research visitor in contemporary philosophy at the University of California–Berkeley. He teaches and publishes principally on Young Hegelianism, Karl Marx, and contemporary political philosophy. His pub- lications include The Rise and Fall of the Subject in the Young Hegelian Move- ment (1992) and The Question of Individuality: The Critique of the Human and the Social in the Stirner-Marx Polemic (1994), both in Portuguese. He has recently edited a book, Philosophy, Rationality, Democracy,onthe Rorty- Habermas debates, to be published in Brazil in 2005.