Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2005 A Pilot Study to Determine Gender Differences in the Detection of Deception: Accuracy, Cues, and Skepticism Randal B. Jarvis Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, and the Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in Communication Commons Recommended Citation Jarvis, Randal B., "A Pilot Study to Determine Gender Differences in the Detection of Deception: Accuracy, Cues, and Skepticism" (2005). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 666. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PILOT STUDY TO DETERMINE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION: ACCURACY, CUES, AND SKEPTICISM Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Criminal Justice by Randal B. Jarvis Dr. Margarette Phipps Brown, PhD. Dr. Samuel L. Dameron, PhD. Dr. Robert Grubb, PhD. Marshall University April 3, 2005 ABSTRACT A Pilot Study to Determine Gender Difference in the Detection of Deception; Accuracy, Cues, and Skepticism How accurately people use verbal and nonverbal cues to detect deception appears to be a function of a skeptical orientation toward the truthfulness of the subject. In previous studies, some differences in gender and the detection of deception are cited, but most studies are inconclusive about whether such differences exist. In the present study, university students are asked to judge brief interviews of suspects in a mock crime criminal investigation. Suspects are either “guilty” or “not guilty” in the mock crime scenario. “Guilty” suspects include two persons who are present at the time of the mock crime. A third person, the “not guilty” suspect, is not present during the mock crime. The subjects are asked to indicate whether they felt each suspect is truthful or deceptive in the suspect’s responses to five questions. Subjects are asked to also indicate which, if any, of six nonverbal cues they use in making this decision. The findings of this study, as well as future implications for studies, are discussed. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………ii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………...iii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………..v CHAPTER I………………………………………………………………………………1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...1 Purpose……... …………………………………………………………….3 Definitions…...…………………………………………………………….4 CHAPTER II………………………………………………………………………………6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………..6 CHAPTER III……………………………………………………………………………28 METHODS………………………………………………………………………28 Problems cited in the initial pilot study………………………………….28 Methodology……………………………………………………………..34 Hypotheses……………………………………………………………….34 Experimental Design……………………………………………………..36 Stage One: The Mock Crime…………………………………………….38 Stage Two: The Interviews………………………………………………40 Stage Three: Judgment of the Interviews………………………………...42 Variables…………………………………………………………………44 CHAPTER IV……………………………………………………………………………49 ANALYSIS OF DATA………………………………………………………….49 iii Demographic findings……………………………………………………49 Results of the Interviews…………………………………………………51 Accuracy and the Use of Eye Movement………………………………..68 Skepticism………………………………………………………………..74 CHAPTER V…………………………………………………………………………….79 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………79 Future Research………………………………………………………….82 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………84 Appendix A: Frequencies………………………………………………………..84 Appendix B: Statistical Frequencies…………………………………………….86 Appendix C: Survey…………………………………………………………….111 Appendix D: Instructions……………………………………………………….116 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………117 iv List of Tables Table 1: Total Correct Judgments for April’s Interview, Independent Sample T test…p.55 Table 2: Total Correct Judgments for Vicki’s Interview, Independent Sample T-test...p.57 Table 3: Total Correct Judgments for Jen’s Interview, Independent Sample T-test……...……………………………………………………………………………p.59 Table 4: Total Correct Judgments for Nathan’s Interview, Independent Sample T-test …………………………………………………………………………………………p.61 Table 5: Total Correct Judgments for Eric’s Interview, Independent T-test………….p.63 Table 6: Total Correct Judgments with Use of Eye Movement On Matt’s Interview, Independent Sample T-test…………………………………………………………….p.64 Table 7: Total Correct Judgments on All Female Subjects Combined, Independent Sample T-test………………………………………………………………………….p.67 Table 8: Total Correct Judgments on All Male Subjects Combined, Independent T-test ………………………………………………………………………………………...p.68 Table 9: Total Correct Judgments with Use of Eye Movement for Vicki’s Interview, Independent Sample T-test……………………………………………………………p.71 Table 10: Total Correct Judgments on Eric’s Interview, Independent Sample T-test..p.73 Table 11: Total Correct Judgments With Use of Eye Movement For Matt’s Interview, Independent Sample T-test……………………………………………………………p.74 v Table A1:Age…………………………………………………………………………p. 86 Table A2: Class Rank…………………………………………………………………p.86 Table A3: Major………………………………………………………………………p.87 Gender…………………………………………………………………………………p.87 Table B1: Correct Judgment for April Question……………………………………..p.88 Table B2: Correct Judgment for April Question Two……………………………….p.88 Table B3: Correct Judgment for April Question Three……………………………...p.88 Table B4: Correct Judgment for April Question Four………………………………p.89 Table B5: Correct Judgment for April Question Five………………………………p.89 Table B6: Correct Judgment for Jen Question One…………………………………p.89 Table B7: Correct Judgment for Jen Question Two…………………………………p.90 Table B8: Correct Judgment for Jen Question Three………………………………..p.90 Table B9: Correct Judgment for Jen Question Four…………………………………p.90 Table B10: Correct Judgment for Jen Question Five………………………………..p.91 Table B11: Correct Judgment for Vickie Question One……………………………p.91 Table B12: Correct Judgment for Vickie Question Two……………………………p.91 Table B13: Correct Judgment for Vickie Question Three…………………………..p.92 Table B14: Correct Judgment for Vickie Question Four……………………………p.92 Table B15: Correct Judgment for Vickie Question Five……………………………p.92 Table B16: Correct Judgment for Nathan Question One……………………………p.93 Table B17: Correct Judgment for Nathan Question Two……………………………p.93 Table B18: Correct Judgment for Nathan Question Three…………………………..p.93 Table B19: Correct Judgment for Nathan Question Four……………………………p.94 vi Table B20: Correct Judgment for Nathan Question Five…………………………p.94 Table B21: Correct Judgment for Matt Question One……………………………p.94 Table B22: Correct Judgment for Matt Question Two……………………………p.95 Table B23: Correct Judgment for Matt Question Three…………………………..p.95 Table B24: Correct Judgment for Matt Question Four……………………………p.95 Table B25: Correct Judgment for Matt Question Five……………………………p.96 Table B26: Correct Judgment for Eric Question One……………………………..p.96 Table B27: Correct Judgment for Eric Question Two…………………………….p.96 Table B28: Correct Judgment for Eric Question Three…………………………..p.97 Table B29: Correct Judgment for Eric Question Four……………………………p.97 Table B30: Correct Judgment for Eric Question Five……………………………p.97 Table B31: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement April Question One…p.98 Table B32: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement April Question Two…p.98 Table B33: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement April Question Three..p.98 Table B34: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement April Question Four…p.98 Table B35: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement April Question Five…p.99 Table B36: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Jen Question One…..p.99 Table B37: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Jen Question Two…p.99 Table B38: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Jen Question Three…p.99 Table B39: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Jen Question Four….p.100 Table B40: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Jen Question Five…p.100 Table B41: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Vickie Question One..p.100 Table B42: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Vickie Question Two..p.100 vii Table B43: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Vickie Question Three..p.101 Table B44: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Vickie Question Four…p.101 Table B45: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Vickie Question Five…p.101 Table B46: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Nathan Question One..p.101 Table B47: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Nathan Question Two..p.102 Table B48: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Nathan Question Three..p.102 Table B49: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Nathan Question Four…p.102 Table B50: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Nathan Question Five…p.102 Table B51: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Matt Question One……p.103 Table B52: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Matt Question Two……p.103 Table B53: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Matt Question Three…..p.103 Table B54: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Matt Question Four……p.103 Table B55: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Matt Question Five……p.104 Table B56: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Eric Question One…….p.104 Table B57: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye Movement Eric Question Two……p.104 Table B58: Correct Judgment With Use of Eye