297 Index a β-alanine 1963a 119 – in simulated interstellar ices 146 A’Hearn Michael F. 22, 42, 59, 62, 71–73, – photoformation of 174 80, 82, 105, 109, 113, 116, 195, 215, albedo 264 –definition 43 absolute asymmetric photochemistry 169, – geometric 43 176 – of (21) Lutetia 220 absolute asymmetric photolysis 167, 169 – of (2867) Šteins 214 absolute asymmetric synthesis 165, 174 – of 103P/Hartley 81 absorption 168 – of 19P/Borrelly 52 acetaldehyde 110, 267 – of 1P/Halley 6, 43 acetic acid 267 – of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko 199 acetonitrile 267 – of 81P/Wild 2, 65 acetylene 112 – of 9P/Tempel 1 71, 78 acid hydrolysis – of asphalt 6 –ofStardustsamples 64 –spherical 43 acoustic sounding 272 Alenia Spazio 234 aegPNA 152 ALICE aerogel 55, 57, 59–64, 102, 251 – flight model 243 Ag-black 251 – INVESTIGATIONS ON (21) LUTETIA 26Al 221 – β+-radiator 179 – investigations on (21) Lutetia 220 26Al 136, 137, 150, 202 – investigations on (2867) Šteins 215 – β+-radiator 180 – investigations on 67P/C-G 241 alanine – microchannel plate detector 242 – anisotropy spectrum 171, 173 – on 67P/C-G formation temperature 244 – circular dichroism spectrum 171 – on 67P/C-G H2O, CO, and CO2 244 – early-recruited in protein 152 – on 67P/C-G noble gases 244 – enantioselective photolysis of 172 – on 67P/C-G O+ and C+ 245 – from impact shock synthesis 151 – operation during Mars swing-by 209 –GC×GC analysis of 173 Allamandola, Louis 143, 174 – in simulated interstellar ices 143, 146 allo-2-amino-2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid – in Stardust’s witness aerogel 63 – meteoritic e.e. 178 –induciblee.e. 172 allo-isoleucine –labeledwith13C isotopes 172 – meteoritic 177 – photoformation of 174, 175 – meteoritic e.e. 178 – subjected to β-electrons 180 Alma Ata Astrophysical Observatory 198 – symmetry breaking of 172 Almaty Astrophysical Observatory 198 Comets and their Origin: The Tool to Decipher a Comet, First Edition. Uwe Meierhenrich. © 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2015 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 298 Index alpha Centauri 19 anisotropy spectra 169 alteration anorthite 220 – of carbonaceous chondrites 148 Antarctica 177 – of cometary matter 148 anthracene – of Murchison meteorite 178 – in 1P/Halley 30 Altwegg, Kathrin 237, 254, 255 antineutrino 179 amino acid aphelion – α-H 169 –definition 20 – α-dialkyl 169, 176 – of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko 198 – α-methyl 169 – of short-period comets 20 – D-amino acids 163 Apian, Peter 8 – CD-spectrum of 168 appearance of life on Earth 6 – configuration 163 APXS – definition 142 – α-mode 266 – generation 142 – investigations on 67P/C-G 266 – in proteins 163 – on 67P/C-G elemental composition 266 – in STONE experiment 151 – x-ray mode 266 –induciblee.e. 172 Apáthy, István 263, 273 – mass fragmentation 175 aqueous processing – meteoritic 148, 176 – of carbonaceous chondrites 178 – of life 171 Ar 244 – photoformation of 174, 175 Archaea 152 – synthesis 163 ArD+ 271 3-amino-2-(aminomethyl)propionic acid 147 Arecibo facility 198 3-aminobutyric acid 146 Argentière glacier 248 4-aminobutyric acid 147 argon 244 aminobutyric acid 146, 151 ArH+ 271 – circular dichroism spectrum 171 Ariane 5 ECA 209 – meteoritic 176 Ariane 5G++ 195 – photoformation of 174 Ariane 5G+ 197 2-aminobutyric acid 146 Ariane-1 37 2-amino-2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid Arianespace 195 – meteoritic e.e. 178 aspartic acid (1-aminoethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine 140 – early-recruited in protein 152 3-aminoiso-butyric acid 146 – in simulated interstellar ices 143, 146, 147 aminoisobutyric acid 146, 151 – in the Targish Lake meteorite 177 aminomethyl-butanoic acid 147 – photoformation of 174 1-aminoethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine 140 Asprey’s salt 271, 274 2-amino-2-methylheptanoic acid asteroid – meteoritic e.e. 178 – C-type 216 aminomethyl-pentanoic acid 147 – Mathilde 216 amino(methylamino)acetic acid 146 asteroid belt 97, 134, 212 γ-amino-n-butyric acid asteroids – in Stardust’s witness aerogel 63 – (162173) 1999 JU3 212 ϵ-amino-n-caproic acid – (21) Lutetia 212, 216 – in Stardust’s witness aerogel 63 – (25143) Itokawa 212 2-aminopyrrole 140 – (2867) Šteins 212 5-aminovaleric acid 147 – (3103 Eger) 216 aminovaleric acid 147 – (341843) 2008 EV5 212 ammonia 138, 142, 149 – (951) Gaspra 216 amorphous state 169 – (9969) Braille 216 amplification – 433 Eros 212 –ofe.e. 172 – albedo 212 anisotropy factor 169, 172 – Amor 211 Index 299 – Apollo 211 biuret 139 – Aten 211 Bockelàe-Morvan, Dominique 110, 118, 121 – C-type 216 Boehnhardt, Hermann 13, 263 – Centaur 211 Bonner, William A. 167 – Ceres 211 Bopp, Thomas 9 –definition 17 boson – distinction from comets 17, 211 – gluons 179 – E-type 213–216 – gravitons 179 – formation 97 – photons 179 – M-type 216 –W± 179 – main-belt 211 –Z0 179 – prograde orbits 211 Boström, Rolf 238 – rotation periods 212 bow shock – taxonomy 212 – encountered by Giotto 46 – Trojan 211 – formation 31 astrobiology 148 – graphical illustration 32, 47 astrochemistry 133, 148 – of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko 203 astronomical symbol for comet 3 – prediction 31 asymmetric photochemistry 169 Brack, André 151, 153, 181 asymmetric photolysis 171, 172 (9969) Braille 216 asymmetric photosynthesis 176, 177 Brandt, John C. 10, 20, 34, 192 asymmetry bremsstrahlung radiation 111, 180 – biomolecular 168 Britt, Daniel 67 –ofβ-decay 180 Brooks, William 21 – transfer 180 Brownlee particles 101 atomic force microscope 255, 293 Brownlee, Donald 59, 60, 65, 66, 76, 102, 264 atomic force microscopy 145 Burch, James 238 atomic number 179 B-X system 191 Au-black 251 aubrites 216 audible range 272 c Auster, Hans-Ulrich 263, 273 14Cisotopes Austin C/1989 X1 –inβ-decay 179 – radio observation 110 c-C2H4O 110 autocatalysis 164 + Axford Ian 31, 33, 35, 36 C 245 5+ 3-axis accelerometer 272 C 111, 258 C6+ 111, 258 b C2 119, 120, 149, 191, 192, 195, 270 Bacteria 152 C2 Swan bands 119 Bailey, Jeremy 165 C3 195 12 13 Balsinger, Hans 237, 254 C C 119, 149 12 13 Barnard, E.E. 21 C/ C ratio 119, 120, 149 12 Bennett C-rich grains 120 13 – Lyman-α emission 109 C 120, 269 Bentley, Mark 238, 256 13Cisotopes Bibring, Jean-Pierre 259, 261–264 – alanine labeled with 172 Biele, Jens 260 – meteoritic 177 Biermann, Ludwig 31, 35, 109 13C-labeling 63, 138 biomass 150 13C/12Cratio 61 13 biomolecular asymmetry CH3OH 143, 146 – origin 168 13CN rotational lines 119 biomolecular homochirality 172, 180 13CO 143 13 bistatic-radar experiment 249 CO2 143 300 Index C2H2 75, 110, 112, 210 CDH2OH 118 C2H5OH 110 Centaur 211 C2H6 75, 110, 112, 210 centaurs 17 C2N2 99 Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams C6H11N4-(NH)CHO 140 21 C6H11N4-CH2OH 140 Cerenkov radiation 180 C6H11N4-CH3 140 Ceres 211 C6H11N4-CH(OH)CHO 140 Cerf Corinne 171 C6H11N4-OH 140 cesium iodide 138 + C6NH ion 68 Ceti 49 17 C3O2 115 (CH2O)n 140 32 34 C S/C S ratio 121 (CH2)6N4 140 C/1965 S1 16 CH2(NH2)2 139 C/1969 T1 109 CH3CHO 110 C/1969 Y1 109 CH3CN 74, 110, 113 C/1995 O1 5, 118, 119, 121, 122, 133, 148, CH3COOH 110 149 CH3OD 118 C/1996 B2 22, 111, 116, 133 (CH3)2CHCH(NH2)2 140 C/1999 S4 13, 14, 111 CH3OH 75, 105, 106, 110, 112, 113, 118, 210, C/2000 WM1 121, 149 245, 246 C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) CH4 110, 112, 118, 245 – UV observation 110 Cha IRN 167 C/2001 Q4 118 channel electron multiplier detector 254 C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) Chapman, Robert D. 10, 20, 192 – spin temperature 118 charge exchange 32, 33 C/2002 C1 117 charge transfer 258 C/2003 K4 (LINEAR) charge-coupled device camera 51, 239 – spin temperature 118 charge-exchange mechanism 111 C/2004 B1 (LINEAR) charge-exchange reaction 116 – spin temperature 118 Chelyabinsk 14 C/2004 Q2 118 chemical evolution 4, 6, 118, 142, 153, 269 C/2012 S1 16 chiral alcohols 269 δ13C value 61, 64, 120 chiral amines 269 CAIs 58, 102, 266 chiral amino acids 269 calcite 164 chiral asymmetry 171 Calvin Melvin 174 chiral carboxylic acids 269 Cameron bands 111 chiral diols 269 camphor 167, 180 chiral hydrocarbons 269, 294 cantilever 256 chiral photons 174 CAP 221, 222 chiral symmetry-breaking 164, 172 Capaccioni Fabrizio 237, 245 Chiraldex G-TA 269 carbon dioxide 138 chirality carbon monosulfide 121 – absolute asymmetrical synthesis 165 carbon monoxide 251, 254 – chiral driving forces 164 carbon suboxide 115 – chiral signature 164 carbonaceous chondrite 176 – chiral symmetry-breaking 164 carbonyl sulfide 110 – component of Rosetta-COSAC 269 Carbosphere™ 274 – magnetochiral effects 165 carboxylic acids – nomenclature 163 – in Murchison meteorite 176 – of amino acids 142, 163 Carr, Chris 238 – transfer of 165, 167, 172 Catalina Sky Survey 16 Chirasil-β Dex CB phase Cavendish Laboratory 151 – on Mars 181 CBAT 21 Chirasil-Dex CB 269 Index 301 Chirasil-L-Val 269 cobalt 212 2060 Chiron 17, 212 Colangelo, Luigi 237, 252 CHON 27, 45, 115, 116, 250, 265, 267 comet acquisition point 221, 222 Chopper mission 294 Comet Hopper mission 294 chromatographic resolution 294 cometary coma Churyumov,KlimIvanovich 198 –assteadystate 7 Chyba, Christopher F. 151 – chemical composition 8 CI chondrite 14, 177 – formation 7 CIDA investigations on 81P/Wild 67, 68, 141 – intensity fluctuations 30 CIDA investigations on 9P/Tempel 1 80 – introduction 7 circular dichroism – molecular interactions 7 – electronic 180 – reactions therein 32, 116 circular dichroism spectroscopy 167 –shape 7 circular polarization –size 7 – definition 165 cometary dust tail – of synchrotron radiation 171 – brightness 10 – Stokes parameters 165 – composition 9 circularly polarized light –Figure 11 – absorption 167 – formation 9 – energy 168 – introduction 9 – handedness 168 – of comet LINEAR 14 – helicity 171, 175 – of Hale-Bopp 9 – in Cha IRN 167 – optical properties of scattered light 10 – in GSS 30, 167 –sizeofthedustcrosssection 10 – in HH 135/136 167 cometary ejecta 66, 74, 75 – in Orion 165, 174 cometary fans 10 – in R CrA 167 cometary impact 150, 151 –inducinge.e.