1 2 CALLISTO research project is funded by the European Union, 7th Framework Programme. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 OVERVIEW OF THE CALLISTO PROJECT FIRST CYCLE 8 • MEMBERS OF CALLISTO 9 - MEMBERS OF EAG I 9 - MEMBERS OF EAG II 9 - MEMBERS OF EAG III 10 - MEMBERS OF EAG IV 10 - MEMBERS OF EAG V 11 - MEMBERS OF EAG VI 11 - MEMBERS OF EAG VII 11 1. COMPANION ANIMALS: DEFINITIONS AND DEMOGRAPHICS 12 • 1.1 DEFINITION OF COMPANION ANIMALS AND THE SCOPE OF CALLISTO 12 • 1.2 SMALL COMPANION ANIMALS IN EUROPE 13 • 1.3 NEW COMPANION ANIMALS 14 • 1.4 HORSES 15 • 1.5 THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPANION ANIMAL SECTOR 16 IN EUROPE 2. SOCIOLOGICAL AND HUMAN WELFARE ASPECTS OF KEEPING 21 COMPANION ANIMALS • 2.1 THE SOCIAL AND SOCIETAL REASONS FOR KEEPING COMPANION 21 ANIMALS AND THE BENEFIT TO HUMAN HEALTH AND WELLBEING THAT COMPANION ANIMALS CAN BRING • 2.2 THE SOCIETAL VALUE OF PETS BY HUMAN AGE GROUP 24 - 2.2.1 BENEFITS OF PET KEEPING FOR CHILDREN 24 - 2.2.2 BENEFITS OF PET KEEPING FOR ADOLESCENTS 25 - 2.2.3 BENEFITS OF PET KEEPING FOR ADULTS 26 - 2.2.4 BENEFITS OF PET KEEPING FOR THE ELDERLY 27 • 2.3 ZOONOTIC DISEASE ASPECTS RELEVANT FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL 27 WELFARE • 2.4 INFORMATION ALREADY AVAILABLE TO DOG, CAT AND HORSE 29 OWNERS ON RISK OF ZOONOSES 3. POLICY ACTIONS RELATED TO SPREAD OF ZOONOSES 34 • 3.1 INTRODUCTION 34 • 3.2 METHODS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION 35 • 3.3 GENERAL, NON-DISEASE SPECIFIC POLICY ACTIONS RELATED TO THE 36 SPREAD OF DISEASES THROUGH COMPANION ANIMALS • 3.4 POLICY ACTIONS RELATED TO THE SPREAD OF PARASITIC DISEASES 38 THROUGH COMPANION ANIMALS TO PEOPLE AND FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS 4 39 • 3.5 POLICY ACTIONS RELATED TO THE SPREAD OF BACTERIAL DISEASES THROUGH COMPANION ANIMALS TO PEOPLE AND FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS 40 • 3.6 POLICY ACTIONS RELATED TO THE SPREAD OF VIRAL DISEASES THROUGH COMPANION ANIMALS TO PEOPLE AND FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS 40 • 3.7 COMPLIANCE WITH POLICY ACTIONS RELATED TO THE SPREAD OF DISEASES THROUGH COMPANION ANIMALS TO PEOPLE AND FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS 41 4. INTRODUCTION TO SPECIFIC ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS 43 5. VIRAL INFECTIONS 43 • 5.1 APPROACH TO IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT VIRAL ZOONOSES 47 • 5.2 VIRUSES OF PRIMARY CONCERN TO HUMAN HEALTH 47 - 5.2.1 RABIES VIRUS 48 - 5.2.2 WEST NILE VIRUS 50 - 5.2.3 TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS 52 - 5.2.4 CRIMEAN-CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS 53 - 5.2.5 HANTAVIRUSES (INCLUDING DOBRAVA-BELGRADE VIRUS) 55 - 5.2.6 TAHYNA VIRUS 56 - 5.2.7 AICHI VIRUS 58 - 5.2.8 EUROPEAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS 59 - 5.2.9 HEPATITIS E VIRUS 62 - 5.2.10 COWPOX VIRUS 64 - 5.2.11 G5 ROTAVIRUS 66 - 5.2.12 INFLUENZA A VIRUS 68 - 5.2.13 LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS 70 • 5.3 VIRUSES OF PRIMARY CONCERN TO FOOD ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION 70 - 5.3.1 BLUETONGUEVIRUS 72 - 5.3.2 AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS 73 - 5.3.3 FOOT-AND-MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS 75 - 5.3.4 RABBIT HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS 76 - 5.3.5 LUMPY SKIN DISEASE VIRUS 77 • 5.4 VIRUSES OF PRIMARY CONCERN TO FOOD ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION (FISH) 77 - 5.4.1 CYPRINID HERPESVIRUS 3 (KOI HERPESVIRUS) 79 - 5.4.2 VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA VIRUS 80 - 5.4.3 INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS 82 6. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 82 • 6.1 BARTONELLA SPP. (CAT SCRATCH DISEASE) 86 • 6.2 BITE INFECTIONS 88 • 6.3 CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. (CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS) 92 • 6.4 CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (PSITTACOSIS) 94 • 6.5 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE 5 • 6.6 COXIELLA BURNETII (Q FEVER) 98 • 6.7 DERMATOPHYTES (DERMATOPHYTOSIS/‘RINGWORM’) 102 • 6.8 EXTENDED-SPECTRUM Β-LACTAMASE (ESBL) PRODUCING BACTERIA 105 • 6.9 LEPTOSPIRA SPP. (LEPTOSPIROSIS) 109 • 6.10 METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) 115 • 6.11 METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS PSEUDINTERMEDIUS 120 (MRSP) • 6.12 SALMONELLA SPP. (SALMONELLOSIS) 124 7. PARASITIC INFECTIONS 129 • 7.1 CYSTIC AND ALVEOLAR ECHINOCOCCOSIS 129 • 7.2 DIROFILARIOSIS 134 • 7.3 TOXOCARA SPP. INFECTION 136 • 7.4 HOOKWORMS 139 • 7.5 TOXOPLASMOSIS 142 • 7.6 LEISHMANIOSIS 145 • 7.7 NEOSPOROSIS 149 • 7.8 GIARDIOSIS 152 8. RISK ANALYSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 155 • 8.1 INTRODUCTION TO RISK ANALYSIS AND DISEASE MODELLING 155 - 8.1.1 STATE TRANSITION MODELS 158 - 8.1.2 SCENARIO TREE 161 • 8.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 167 PARADIGMATIC DISEASES SELECTED IN CHAPTERS 5–7 - 8.2.1 DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY DIRECT CONTACT 170 - 8.2.2 DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY VECTORS 170 • 8.3 REVIEW OF EXISTING PUBLISHED RISK ASSESSMENTS CONCERNING 175 THE TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES FROM COMPANION ANIMALS TO HUMANS OR FARMED ANIMALS - 8.3.1 IMPORT RISK ASSESSMENTS 175 - 8.3.3 RISK ASSESSMENTS CONCERNING THE ‘PARADIGMATIC DISEASES’ 178 - 8.3.4 TYPE OF INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR THE SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 179 OF EACH PARADIGMATIC DISEASE 9. CALLISTO WEB SITE 185 • 9.1 INTRODUCTION 185 • 9.2 MAIN SECTIONS AND FUNCTIONING 186 • 9.3 DATA CONCERNING WEBSITE VISITS 187 • 9.4 IMPROVEMENTS AND FORTHCOMING ACTIONS 188 GLOSSARY 190 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document represents the first annual report of the EU Framework 7-funded project entitled CALLISTO (Companion Animal multisectoriaL interprofessionaL and interdisciplinary Strategic Think tank On zoonoses), which investigates zoonotic infectious diseases transmitted between companion animals and humans and food producing animals. The specific aim of the first year of the project was to develop a detailed overview of the role of companion animals as a source of infectious diseases for man and farmed animals, including available information on disease incidence and geographical distribution in these host categories. The present report is the compilation of the work of seven Expert Working Groups under five Work Packages during the calendar year 2012. Companion animals are any domesticated, domestic-bred or wild- caught animals, permanently living in a community and kept by people for company, enjoyment, work (e.g. support for blind or deaf people, police or military dogs) or psychological support – including, but not limited to dogs, cats, horses, rabbits, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish. The report describes the very large and growing number of companion animals estimated to be kept within EU countries and the major economic contribution made by the associated industry (e.g. breeding, sales, pet food, insurance, pharmaceutical and veterinary support). For example, there are an estimated 64 million cats and 60 million dogs in EU countries and the estimated annual spend on petcare products alone is €25.7 billion. It is also recognized that there are great challenges to obtaining accurrate data of this type. Companion animals make crucial contributions to human society. In addition to working roles (e.g. dogs for visually or hearing impaired 7 people), companion animals afford profound benefit in areas as diverse as human healthcare and childhood development. The positive influence of owning a companion animal has further benefit by reducing human healthcare spend. Despite these unquestionable benefits, there are risks that human owners may contract zoonotic infectious diseases directly or indirectly from companion animal species. Moreover, as traditional livestock species now increasingly serve a role as companions, there are disease transmission risks from these animals to farmed animals of the same species. This report systematically defines the major bacterial, viral and parasitic zoonoses that fall into these categories and identifies the risks to the human and farmed animal populations. The current availability of surveillance systems for these infections and of governmental awareness and interest in these diseases is also explored. With few exceptions (e.g. canine rabies virus infection) there is little serious attempt to monitor the prevalence, emergence or re-emergence of zoonotic pathogens arising from companion animal species. With the exception of the EU Pet Travel scheme (again focussed on canine rabies) there is little legislative awareness of the scale or significance of companion animal zoonoses. The monitoring and control of companion animal zoonoses is a prime example of where a ‘One Health’ (joint human and veterinary medical and public health) approach is essential. In Years 2 and 3 of the CALLISTO project gaps in knowledge will be identified, and risks will be modelled in order to produce clear recommendations to stakeholders. 8 OVERVIEW OF THE CALLISTO PROJECT FIRST CYCLE The aim of the first cycle of CALLISTO was to review the current knowledge of the role of companion animals as a source of infectious diseases in man and farmed animals in the EU. Accordingly, the first part of this cycle was used to collect and review existing data within each area represented by the seven expert advisory groups (EAG I to EAG VII). The work done by the seven EAGs has been gathered and merged into the present cross-EAG report. The report was planned during the first cycle of EAG meetings and cross-EAG meetings held in January 2012 in Brussels. Subsequently the various EAGs arranged ad hoc meetings and teleconferences for the implementation of the working plan, and a cross-EAG preparatory report was agreed by the partners to delineate the topics and scopes to be covered by each EAG, the results expected from each EAG, and the format of the report. This final synthesis report from the first year of the project follows from a CALLISTO conference held in Brussels in October 2012. EAG I represents the user community. This group gathered data describing the composition of companion animal populations in Europe as well as the socioeconomic significance of companion animals. Examples of user communities and animal health organizations in Europe were also listed. EAG II deals with policy actions and has conducted an e-mail questionnaire survey asking for actions aiming at the prevention of the spread of diseases by companion animals to people and food producing animals.