DANIEL DRAKE SYMPOSIUM The Daniel Drake Symposium will be held Friday, April 19, 1985 at the University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building, Kresge Auditorium. This Symposium seeks to renew public interest in an Important figure In Ohio history. Daniel Drake, who is often described as a "renaissance man," was an educator, historian, scientist, physician and a civic leader. He organized and founded a hospital, colleges, libraries, and literary, scientific and professional societies. The Symposium will feature speakers from Ohio, Kentucky and Pennsylvania. This symposium Is made possible in part by the Ohio Humanities Council - A state-based agency of the National Endowment for the Humanities, which makes grants to non-profit organizations in Ohio for public programs In the Humanities. SECTION: DANIEL DRAKE SYMPOSIUM FRIDAY/ APRIL 19, 1985 MORNING - 1 KRESGE AUDITORIUM BILLIE BROADDUS, PRESIDING OFFICER "SPECIAL GUEST APPEARANCE: DANIEL DRAKE, M.D." CHARLES GOETZ, LITERARY AND DRAMATIC SCHOLAR CINCINNATI, OHIO DR. DANIEL DRAKE - BOYHOOD DAYS AT MAYSLICK, KENTUCKY. George G. Greene, M.D., 3085 Paris Pike, Lexington, Kentucky 40511. 10:30 Daniel Drake was born October 20, 1785, in Plainfield, New Jersey, the son of gristmill tender, Issac Drake. The Drake family moved to Kentucky when Daniel was 2 1/2 years old, arriving here with only $1.00 and a bleak possibility of existence. The first night was spent in a sheep shed in the small village of Washington. After 64 days, they finally arrived at Limestone (now Maysville) on June 10, 1788. A few months later, Issac Drake purchased 38 acres at Mayslick. After six years, the Drake family moved one mile west of Mayslick in the forest and built a log cabin 16'x20'. Drake spent his next six years within a setting of near isolation compared to the previous six years. In this pictur- esque surrounding and with the early farm duties and developments, Drake did not surrender to a state of metamorphosis but increased in knowledge much greater than the proportion of compara- tive status. The education Drake received was very limited by both time and adequate instruc- tion. This lack of early years of education Drake often regretfully referred to and lamented. Further discussions will include his parental influence and support of a father who was deter- mined to give the necessary help for making his son a physician. Religious background, social life—of what little was available, household and farm chores, botanical observations as a child, along with others, will be discussed. All of these will, I believe, edify the state- ments of Charles Drake who said, "Patience and perseverance conquer all difficulties;" as well as add credence to the statement of Dr. Allen Pussey concerning such persons as Drake and Lincoln—"Adversity can be sweet when utilized by a genius." DANIEL DRAKE'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO OHIO ARCHAEOLOGY. James L. Murphy, Ohio State University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Columbus 43210. 1 1 \LO A review of the archaeological achievements of Daniel Drake, necessarily based primarily upon his 1815 ...Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country, demon- strates the accuracy of his pioneer descriptions of earthworks in the Miami Valley, his scientific caution in speculating upon their use, and his originality in apply- ing the rudiments of comparative physical anthropology to the problem of the relation of the "Mound Builders" to recent Amerinds. Drake's contributions also provide unique infor- mation on the structure and contents of the Cincinnati mounds and identify two of the earl- iest, otherwise anonymous, archaeologists to map Fort Ancient (Joel Wright) and other Miami Valley sites (William Lytle)• DANIEL DRAKE AS A PROMOTER OF FLORISTIC BOTANY AMD HIS CIRCLE OF BOTANICAL 11:50 STUDENTS. Ronald L. Stuckey, Department of Botany, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Daniel Drake, M.D. (1785-1852), knov/n for his achievements in the medical profession and civic activities of Cincinnati, was also a scientist, most interested in the now largely forgotten- subject of medical topography, which gave him occasion to study geology and botany. Drake was primarily a promoter of botany. He was the first scientist of the West to provide information on botany in books published west of the Allegheny Mountains (1810, 1815). Other firsts were his public lectures on botany (1818), his lectures on botany to medical students (1818), and his published guidelines for the collection of plants and preparation of herbarium specimens by medical students (1828). Drake's promotional efforts came to fruition in his students, Dr. John L. Riddell, who published a Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States (1834-1835), the first catalogue of vascular plants of the states west of the Allegheny Mountians; Dr. John M. Bigelow, who published a Florula Lancastriensis of Fairfield County and wrote on medical topography; Mr. Milo G. Williams, who collected the plants of southwestern Ohio and made an extensive herbarium; and Dr. William Wood, who wrote papers about the wet prairies of Ohio. Drake consulted other individuals in Cincinnati for botanical information; among them were Joseph Clark, Thomas G. Lea, John A. Warder, and Robert Buchanan. SECTION: LUNCH FRIDAY/ APRIL 19, 1985 12:30 P.M. CAFETERIA BILLIE BROADDUS, PRESIDING OFFICER SECTION: DANIEL DRAKE SYMPOSIUM FRIDAY, APRIL 19, 1985 AFTERNOON - 1:30 P.M. KRESGE AUDITORIUM BILLIE BROADDUS, PRESIDING OFFICER EARLY PHILADELPHIA MEDICINE AND ITS EXTRAORDINARY IMPORTANCE TO DR. DANIEL DRAKE (1782-1852). Dorothy I. Lansing, M.D., Archivist and Historian to The Obstetrical 1:30 Society of Philadelphia, Box 536, Paoli, PA 19301. For this bicentennial celebration of Daniel Drake's birthday, his many visits to and various months of living in Philadelphia will be explored and recorded as completely as possible. The characteristics and personalities of his known major Philadelphia physicians, naturalists, and scientists will be used alongside Drake's own viewpoints, enthusiasms, and temperament to emphasize the great debt he owed to Philadelphia medicine. The turmoil of Philadelphia medical education with the attendant legislative manipulations will be given to furnish a backdrop to Drake's own legal manipulations to create Ohio and/or Kentucky schools of medicine. His relationship with the brilliant author, editor, teacher, and doctor-botanist, John Eberle, will also be delineated as much as possible. Daniel Drake had many Philadelphia connections and, after his death, his colleagues in some instances returned to Philadelphia and enormous fame within 19th century American medicine. DANIEL DRAKE AS AN EDUCATOR. Emanuel D. Rudolph, Department of Botany, The Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Oil 43210. 2:10 If Daniel Drake is remembered as an educator, it is usually for his pioneering efforts in establishing medical schools and related institutions in Ohio, and for his attempts to improve the quality of medical instruction. However, I believe that Drake's entire professional and public life can be interpreted as a continuous educational endeavor. Although Drake's own education was limited, it was better than many frontier men's. He early learned the value of reading for self-instruction and preached the value of that trait for the rest of his life. After his experiences in Philadelphia, Drake tried to emulate its educational and professional establishments in Cincinnati. As time went on, he developed a more independent approach to education which championed a new "Western Country" attitude. This attitude was furthered by his numerous lectures and writings encouraging educational cooperation in the western states. He was active in an organization called The Western Literary Institute, and College of Professional Teachers that met annually in the 1830's and that had a broad view of the term "teacher." These meetings were Drake's most active involement with the reforming of non-medical teaching. DR. DANIEL DRAKE'S STUDY OF MILK SICKNESS. Relda Niederhofer, Natural and Social Sciences, Firelands College, Bowling Green State University, Huron, Ohio 44839. 2:50 Milk sickness in humans, and Trembles as it is referred to in animals, is caused by the common woodland plant, Eupatorium rugosum (White snakeroot). When cattle graze on the plant, their milk, milk products, and meat become poisoned. During the pioneer days milk sickness became one of the most mysterious diseases to con- front the physicians of the Midwest, who were educated in Europe and the New England states where the disease was unknown. Nearly one fourth of the early settlers in Madison County, Ohio, fell victim to the pestilence, but the worst recorded incidence was the epidemic of 1818 in which nearly all of the residents of Pigeon Creek, Indiana, were exterminated. Dr. Daniel Drake credited Dr. Thomas Barbee with the first published report of milk sick- ness in 1809. For the next thirty years numerous articles appeared in the medical journals suggesting possible causes and treatments. In 1840 Drake travelled within 150 miles of Cincin- nati on horseback and foot studying the geology and botany of the area and consulting with physicians and farmers. From his study of the etiology Drake suggested five plants that might cause milk sickness: Eupatorium rugosum (White snakeroot), Bignonia capreolata (Creeper), fungi, Rhus venevata (Poison sumach) and Rhus toxicodendron, (Poison ivy) . He narrowed the plants down to white snakeroot and poison ivy, then rejected the former because it was so common and had no poisonous properties. Because Drake was such a prominent physician and scientist his theories were accepted almost without question. It wasn't until the early part of the 20th Century, nearly sixty years after Drake's death, before the mystery was solved. DANIEL DRAKE"S LEGACY TO GOOD CITIZENSHIP. Arthur G. King, M.D. 55k Evanswood Place, Cincinnati, OH. 45220 5.->VJ jn addition to the practice and teaching of medicine Daniel Drake was exemplary in stimulating or organizing or administering a great many cultural activities in Cincinnati.