MINING FOR ANCIENT COPPER ESSAYS IN MEMORY OF BENO ROTHENBERG TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY SONIA AND MARCO NADLER INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY MONOGRAPH SERIES NUMBER 37 Executive Editor Israel Finkelstein Editorial Board Avi Gopher Oded Lipschits Guy D. Stiebel Managing Editor Myrna Pollak Graphic Designer Noa Evron CONTENTS Contributors xi Preface Erez Ben-Yosef xiii SECTION I: TIMNA VALLEY Chapter 1 STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE OF THE TIMNA VALLEY 3 AND ADJACENT ANCIENT MINING AREAS Michael Beyth, Amit Segev and Hanan Ginat Chapter 2 BENO ROTHENBERG AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF 21 COPPER SMELTING AT TIMNA James D. Muhly Chapter 3 THE CENTRAL TIMNA VALLEY PROJECT: 28 RESEARCH DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS Erez Ben-Yosef Chapter 4 THE DIET OF ANCIENT METAL WORKERS: 64 THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES IN THE ARABAH VALLEY (TIMNA AND FAYNAN) Lidar Sapir-Hen, Omri Lernau and Erez Ben-Yosef Chapter 5 THE SINAI-ARABAH COPPER AGE EARLY PHASE (CHALCOLITHIC) 81 MINE T EXCAVATIONS Tim Shaw and Alexandra Drenka Chapter 6 THE INSCRIPTION OF RAMESSESEMPERE IN CONTEXT 109 Deborah Sweeney Chapter 7 A PRELIMINARY ARCHAEOMAGNETIC INVESTIGATION 118 OF THE YOTVATA FORTRESS Ilana Peters, Lisa Tauxe and Erez Ben-Yosef Chapter 8 WHO WAS THE DEITY WORSHIPPED AT THE 127 TENT-SANCTUARY OF TIMNA? Nissim Amzallag Chapter 9 TRANSGENDERED COPPER MINING IN THE LEVANT 137 Laura M. Zucconi SECTION II: NAHAL >AMRAM Chapter 10 ANCIENT COPPER MINES AT NAHAL >AMRAM, SOUTHERN ARABAH 147 Uzi Avner, Hanan Ginat, Sariel Shalev, Sana Shilstine, Boaz Langford, Amos Frumkin, Rachamim Shem-Tov, Sagi Filin, Reuma Arav, Uri Basson, Omer Shamir, Linda Scott-Cummings Chapter 11 VOLUME AND MASS ESTIMATION OF MINE DUMPS AND SLAG 178 PILES USING HIGH-RESOLUTION TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANS Reuma Arav, Sagi Filin and Uzi Avner Chapter 12 EVIDENCE OF PAST FLOOD INTENSITIES IN THE 188 NAHAL >AMRAM COPPER MINES Hanan Ginat, Dagan Meeshly, Uzi Avner and Boaz Langford Chapter 13 MINERS’ MEALS AT THE COPPER MINES OF NAHAL >AMRAM, 199 SOUTHERN ISRAEL Liora Kolska Horwitz, Uzi Avner and Omri Lernau Chapter 14 NAHAL >AMRAM, SOUTHERN ARABAH VALLEY: 217 A SURVEY OF UNDERGROUND COPPER MINES Boaz Langford, Amos Frumkin, Uzi Avner and Hanan Ginat Chapter 15 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF COPPER SLAG IN THE 228 SOUTHERN ARABAH VALLEY Sana Shilstein and Sariel Shalev SECTION III: FAYNAN, THE NEGEV AND BEYOND Chapter 16 INTENSIVE SURVEYS, LARGE-SCALE EXCAVATION STRATEGIES 245 AND IRON AGE INDUSTRIAL METALLURGY IN FAYNAN, JORDAN: FAIRY TALES DON’T COME TRUE Thomas E. Levy, Erez Ben-Yosef and Mohammad Najjar Chapter 17 KEY FEATURES FOR DEDUCING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS 259 AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES IN THE BRONZE AGE MINING DISTRICT OF FAYNAN, JORDAN Ingolf Löffler Chapter 18 COPPER TRADE AND THE SETTLEMENT RISE IN 270 THE SOUTH LEVANTINE DESERTS IN THE EB IV Moti Haiman Chapter 19 EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY IN THE CHALCOLITHIC SOUTHERN 276 LEVANT: ASSESSMENT OF COPPER ORES FROM ABU MATAR Aaron N. Shugar Chapter 20 BRONZE CHISEL AT HORVAT HALUQIM (CENTRAL NEGEV 297 HIGHLANDS) IN A SEQUENCE OF RADIOCARBON DATED LATE BRONZE TO IRON I LAYERS Hendrik J. Bruins, Irina Segal and Johannes Van der Plicht Chapter 21 THE DISCOVERY OF THE SINAITIC SITE KUNTILLET >AJRUD 309 Ze’ev Meshel Chapter 22 THE ORIGIN OF THE COPPER USED IN CANAAN DURING 313 THE LATE BRONZE/IRON AGE TRANSITION Naama Yahalom-Mack and Irina Segal Chapter 23 THE ARABAH COPPER INDUSTRY IN THE ISLAMIC PERIOD: 332 VIEWS FROM FAYNAN AND TIMNA Ian W. N. Jones, Mohammad Najjar and Thomas E. Levy SECTION IV: BEYOND THE SOUTHERN LEVANT: CYPRUS, OMAN, GREECE AND BRITAIN Chapter 24 APLIKI KARAMALLOS ON CYPRUS: THE 13TH CENTURY BCE 345 MINERS’ SETTLEMENT IN CONTEXT Vasiliki Kassianidou Chapter 25 KING HEROD AND THE CYPRUS COPPER MINES 357 Shimon Dar Chapter 26 ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL RESEARCH ON IRON AGE 366 (1250-300 BCE) COPPER PRODUCTION IN THE NORTHERN AL-HAJJAR MOUNTAINS (OMAN PENINSULA) Julie Goy, Michele Degli Esposti, Cécile Le Carlier de Veslud and Anne Benoist Chapter 27 ANCIENT MINING AND METALLURGICAL ACTIVITY AT THE 385 GOLD-SILVER-COPPER ORE DEPOSITS IN MAVROKORFI AREA, MOUNT PANGAEON (NORTHEAST GREECE) Markos Vaxevanopoulos, Michail Vavelidis, Vasilios Melfos, Dimitra Malamidou, Spyros Pavlides Chapter 28 THE GREAT ORME BRONZE AGE COPPER MINE IN NORTH WALES: 399 OPPORTUNITIES TO LINK ORE TO METAL Robert Alan Williams Chapter 29 COPPER MINING AND SMELTING IN THE BRITISH BRONZE AGE: 418 NEW EVIDENCE OF MINE SITES INCLUDING SOME RE-ANALYSES OF DATES AND ORE SOURCES Simon Timberlake and Peter Marshall SECTION V: METALWORKING Chapter 30 JUDAH OF IRON VS. ISRAEL OF COPPER: 435 THE METALWORKING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL AND ITS HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS Yulia Gottlieb Chapter 31 TRADITION AND CONTINUITY IN CRAFT WORKSHOPS AT TEL DAN 455 Rachel Ben-Dov Chapter 32 A FIRST CENTURY JEWISH RECYCLING ECONOMY 479 Matthew Ponting and Dan Levene Chapter 33 EARLY BRONZE AGE REFINING OF COPPER 495 Christopher John Davey Chapter 34 BRONZE PRODUCTION IN PI-RAMESSE: ALLOYING TECHNOLOGY 503 AND MATERIAL USE Frederik W. Rademakers, Thilo Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch Chapter 35 EXAMPLES OF COPPER HARPOONS OF NAQADA CULTURE 526 IN THE EASTERN NILE DELTA Marcin Czarnowicz Chapter 36 BRONZE WORKING AT SUMHURAM: NEW DATA FROM 539 AN ANCIENT SOUTH ARABIAN HARBOR ON THE COAST OF DHOFAR (SULTANATE OF OMAN) Michele Degli Esposti, Carla Martini, Cristina Chiavari, Elena Bernardi and Gian Luca Garagnani Chapter 37 OBSERVATIONS ON SOCKETED COPPER ALLOY ARROWHEADS IN 556 THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM BCE Jamie M. Szudy CONTRIBUTORS Amzallag, Nissim Gottlieb, Yulia Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Tel Aviv University, Israel Arav, Reuma Goy, Julie Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Israel University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France Avner, Uzi Haiman, Moti Dead Sea-Arava Science Center, Israel Israel Antiquities Authority and Bar Ilan University, Bason, Uri Israel GeoSense Ltd, Israel Jones, Ian W.N. Ben-Dov, Rachel University of California, San Diego, USA Hebrew Union College, Israel Kassianidou, Vasiliki Ben-Yosef, Erez University of Cyprus, Cyprus Tel Aviv University, Israel Kolska-Horwiz, Liora Benoist, Anne Hebrew University, Israel Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Langford, Boaz Bernardi, Elana Hebrew University, Israel University of Bologna, Italy Le Carlier de Veslud, Cécile Beyth, Michael University of Rennes 1, France Geological Survey of Israel, Israel Lernau, Omri Bruins, Hendrik J. University of Haifa, Israel Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Levene, Dan Chiavari, Cristina University of Southampton, UK University of Bologna, Italy Levy, Thomas E. Czarnowicz, Marcin University of California, San Diego, USA Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Löffler, Ingolf Dar, Shimon Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Germany Bar Ilan University, Israel Malamidou, Dimitra Davey, Christopher Ministry of Culture, Kavala, Greece University of Melbourne, Australia Marshall, Peter Degli Esposti, Michele English Heritage, UK University of Pisa, Italy Martini, Carla Drenka, Alexandra University of Bologna, Italy Independent scholar, Israel Meeshly, Dagan Filin, Sagi Dead Sea-Arava Science Center, Israel Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Melfos, Vasilios Frumkin, Amos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Hebrew University, Israel Meshel, Zeev Garagnani, Gian Luca Tel Aviv University, Israel University of Ferrara, Italy Muhly, James D. Ginat, Hanan University of Pennsylvania, USA Dead Sea and Arava Science Center and Ben-Gurion Najjar, Mohammad University of the Negev, Israel University of California, San Diego, USA Pavlides, Spyros Shilstein, Sana Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Peters, Ilana Shugar, Aaron A. Tel Aviv University, Israel Buffalo State College, USA Ponting, Matthew Sweeney, Deborah University of Liverpool, UK Tel Aviv University, Israel Pusch, Edgar Szudy, Jamie M. University College London – Qatar, Qatar University of Vienna, Austria Rademakers, Frederik Tauxe, Lisa University College London, UK Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA Rehren, Thilo Timberlake, Simon The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus University of Cambridge, UK Sapir-Hen, Lidar van der Plicht, Johannes Tel Aviv University, Israel University of Groningen and Leiden University, The Scott-Cummings, Linda Netherlands PaleoResearch Institute, USA Vavelidis, Michalis Segal, Irena Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Geological Survey of Israel, Israel Vaxevanopoulos, Markos Segev, Amit Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Geological Survey of Israel, Israel Williams, Robert A. Shalev, Sariel University of Liverpool, UK University of Haifa, Israel Yahalom-Mack, Naama Shamir, Omer Weizmann Institute of Science and Hebrew University, GeoSense Ltd, Israel Israel Shaw, Tim Zucconi, Laura Imperial College of Science and Technology, UK Stockton University, USA Shem-Tov, Rachamim Dead Sea-Arava Science Center, Israel PREFACE There is no better way to honor the memory of Beno Rothenberg (1914–2012) than by publishing a volume dedicated to new studies on copper in antiquity. Rothenberg’s pioneering work in the Timna Valley, which was the center of his academic career, focused on ancient copper mining and smelting technologies, and paved the way to other studies of this metal and its role in ancient societies around the world.1 Rothenberg’s work is considered by many to be a cornerstone in the development of archaeometallurgy as an integrative research discipline; as such, the study of ancient metal and metal