Perspectives on Asian Tourism Series Editors: Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore · Paolo Mura Claire Liu Heike Schänzel Editors Tourism Education and Asia Perspectives on Asian Tourism Series editors Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore Griffith University Nathan, Queensland, Australia Paolo Mura Taylor’s University Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia While a conspicuous body of knowledge about tourism in Asia is emerging, Western academic ontologies and epistemologies still represent the dominant voice within tourism circles. This series provides a platform to support Asian scholarly production and reveals the different aspects of Asian tourism and its intricate economic and socio-cultural trends. The books in this series are aimed to pave the way for a more integrated and multifaceted body of knowledge about Asian tourism. By doing so, they contribute to the idea that tourism, as both phenomenon and field of studies, should be more inclusive and disentangled from dominant (mainly Western) ways of knowing. More specifically, the series will fill gaps in knowledge with regard to: • the ontological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions behind Asian tourism research; • specific segments of the Asian tourist population, such as Asian women, Asian backpackers, Asian young tourists, Asian gay tourists, etc; • specific types of tourism in Asia, such as film-induced tourism, adventure tour- ism, beauty tourism, religious tourism, etc; • Asian tourists’ experiences, patterns of behaviour, and constraints to travel; • Asian values that underpin operational, management, and marketing decisions in and/or on Asia (travel); • external factors that add to the complexities of Asian tourism studies. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15382 Claire Liu • Heike Schänzel Editors Tourism Education and Asia Editors Claire Liu Heike Schänzel School of Hospitality & Tourism School of Hospitality & Tourism Auckland University of Technology Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand ISSN 2509-4203 ISSN 2509-4211 (electronic) Perspectives on Asian Tourism ISBN 978-981-13-2612-7 ISBN 978-981-13-2613-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2613-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961392 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword Tourism education as a subject of scholarly work has been a niche area in the gen- eral domain of tourism research. Although most tourism scholars teach, not many allocate their precious time to scholarship of teaching and learning. Some even question the value and quality of such efforts as most tourism scholars do not have academic background in education. However, to be responsible educators, we have to be vigilant of the fast-changing environment and understand the dynamics of its various constituencies. Serving as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Teaching in Travel and Tourism for 15 years and the editor of several tourism education-related books, I am a firm believer of being a reflective educator. Under the leadership of the editors, authors of this compilation collectively reflected upon tourism educa- tion in the context of Asia. It is such a great pleasure to see colleagues devoting their time and thought on this important, yet under-explored area. Hospitality Management Education (1999) edited by Barrows and Bosselman was the first book published related to tourism education, mostly from a North American perspective. Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future (2005), edited by Hsu, and An International Handbook of Tourism Education (2005), edited by Airey and Tribe, offered an international perspective. After a decade of vacuum in terms of book publication on tourism education, several edited books on teaching and learning surfaced in the past few years, which signalled the recognition of the need for more extensive treatments of tourism education as a phenomenon and research topic. These books provided valuable discussion on vari- ous topics central to tourism education from a global perspective. Recognising the unprecedented growth of tourism activities and tourism educa- tion in Asia, the current book uses an Asian lens to investigate critical issues facing Asian students, scholars and higher educational institutions. All authors are either of Asian origin or with extensive experience and understanding of the Asian cultures and perspectives. Their observations are astute and their analyses are insightful, many taking an emic view. This book is extremely valuable as it contains information rarely available in the English language literature, for example, the historical path and current state of tourism education in Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal and Vietnam. While v vi Foreword book chapters or journal articles are available about tourism education in China and Thailand, this collection provides an update and additional insights on particular concerns in these countries. The book also addresses the important issues of Asian students studying abroad and transnational education, which are both intraregional and interregional phenomena worthy of in-depth exploration. A focus on Asia does not limit its readership. In fact, the discussion should be of particular interest to educators in the West as a window to the Asian tourism educa- tion landscape. As Western universities try to recruit more Asian students and col- laborate with Asian universities in a variety of formats, an understanding of the history, current status, pertinent issues and challenges, as well as opportunities, is certainly beneficial in guiding their way forward. In an academic world of matrices and citation indices, the editors and authors should be applauded for their commitment in putting this book together. These underappreciated efforts facilitate the documentation of tacit knowledge and our learning about each other. This book will serve as an important reference for future relevant scholarly work as well as practical development activities. My congratula- tions go to the editors and authors of this volume! Finally, I would like to challenge the readers to treat this book as a stimulus to embark on more dialogue and scholarly work in tourism education. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Cathy H. C. Hsu Hong Kong, China July 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the chapter contributors for their passion, commitment and patience in completing the manuscripts. We have been inspired by the insights of these global tourism educators and researchers while working on the book. Special acknowledgement to our copy editor, Trish Brothers from the Auckland University of Technology, for her hard work and dedication to the editing of the chapter manuscripts. We also thank the Perspectives on Asian Tourism Series editors, Catheryn Khoo- Lattimore from Griffith University, Australia, and Paolo Mura from Taylor’s University, Malaysia, for their support and encouragement during the creation of this edited collection. Auckland University of Technology Claire Liu Auckland, New Zealand Heike Schänzel vii Contents Part I Introduction to the Book 1 Introduction to Tourism Education and Asia ....................................... 3 Claire Liu and Heike Schänzel Part II Tourism Education in Asia 2 Differentiating Academic and Vocational Hospitality and Tourism Education: The Milieu of Indonesia ............................... 15 Hera Oktadiana and Kaye Chon 3 Vocational Education and Training for Hospitality and Tourism Industry in India ............................................................... 35 Saurabh Kumar Dixit and Hakamelamphylla Mawroh 4 Situation Analysis of Tourism and Hospitality Management Education in Nepal .................................................................................. 49 Brijesh Thapa and Smrittee Kala Panta 5 Tourism Higher Education in Iran: Past, Present and Future Directions ............................................................................. 63 Siamak Seyfi, Adel Nikjoo, and Masoud A. Samimi 6 Review and Assessment of Academic Tourism and Hospitality Programmes in China ................................................